Table 2.
Associations of sociodemographic, lifestyle and health characteristics with depressive symptoms and/or antidepressant use (n = 125,307).
| N (%) or Mean ± SD | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Depressive symptoms – No | Depressive symptoms – Yes | |||
| Antidepressant use | Antidepressant use | ||||
| Total: | 125,307 (100%) | Non-user | User | Non-user | User |
| 105,953 (84.6%) | 5996 (4.8%) | 10,992 (8.8%) | 2366 (1.9%) | ||
| WHI component: | P < 0.0001 | ||||
| CT | 54,058 (43.2%) | 83.9% | 5.7% | 8.2% | 2.2% |
| OS | 71,249 (56.8%) | 85.0% | 4.1% | 9.2% | 1.7% |
| Age (years): | P < 0.0001 | ||||
| Continuous | 63.1 ± 7.2 | 63.3 ± 7.1 | 62.5 ± 7.1 | 61.7 ± 7.3 | 60.7 ± 7.0 |
| P < 0.0001 | |||||
| 50–59 | 41,888 (33.4%) | 81.1% | 5.2% | 11.0% | 2.7% |
| 60–69 | 56,871 (45.4%) | 85.7% | 4.7% | 7.9% | 1.6% |
| 70–79+ | 26,548 (21.2%) | 87.6% | 4.3% | 6.9% | 1.2% |
| Race: | P < 0.0001 | ||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 374 (0.3%) | 73.3% | 3.4% | 16.6% | 2.7% |
| Asian | 3399 (2.7%) | 91.9% | 1.5% | 6.3% | 0.3% |
| Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islanders | 108 (0.1%) | 88.9% | 0.0% | 11.1% | 0.0% |
| Black | 10,325 (8.2%) | 83.9% | 2.6% | 12.2% | 1.4% |
| White | 107,482 (85.8%) | 84.6% | 5.1% | 8.3% | 1.9% |
| More than one race | 1479 (1.2%) | 81.9% | 5.1% | 10.1% | 2.8% |
| Unknown/Not reported | 2140 (1.7%) | 74.1% | 3.9% | 19.6% | 2.3% |
| Ethnicity: | P < 0.0001 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 119,147 (95.1%) | 84.9% | 4.8% | 8.4% | 1.9% |
| Hispanic | 5119 (4.1%) | 76.6% | 3.6% | 17.5% | 2.3% |
| Unknown/Not reported | 1041 (0.8%) | 82.8% | 2.0% | 13.1% | 2.1% |
| Marital status: | P < 0.0001 | ||||
| Married/Partnered | 79,221 (63.2%) | 86.3% | 4.8% | 7.3% | 1.6% |
| Single | 5414 (4.3%) | 84.3% | 4.9% | 8.7% | 2.0% |
| Divorced | 19,687 (15.7%) | 79.3% | 5.5% | 12.3% | 2.9% |
| Widowed | 20,985 (16.8%) | 82.9% | 4.2% | 10.9% | 1.9% |
| Education: | P < 0.0001 | ||||
| Less than high school | 5949 (4.8%) | 76.6% | 3.9% | 16.7% | 2.9% |
| High school graduate | 21,625 (17.3%) | 83.2% | 4.9% | 10.0% | 1.8% |
| Some college | 47,329 (37.8%) | 83.7% | 4.8% | 9.3% | 2.2% |
| College graduate | 50,404 (40.2%) | 86.8% | 4.8% | 6.8% | 1.6% |
| Household income: | P < 0.0001 | ||||
| <$20,000 | 18,361 (14.7%) | 77.5% | 5.0% | 14.5% | 2.9% |
| $20,000–$49,999 | 52,643 (42.0%) | 84.6% | 4.9% | 8.5% | 1.9% |
| $50,000–$99,999 | 34,683 (27.7%) | 86.8% | 4.8% | 6.8% | 1.6% |
| ≥$100,000 | 11,631 (9.3%) | 88.7% | 4.5% | 5.7% | 1.1% |
| Unknown | 7989 (6.4%) | 84.9% | 3.6% | 9.9% | 1.5% |
| Smoking status: | P < 0.0001 | ||||
| Never | 64,028 (51.1%) | 85.9% | 4.3% | 8.2% | 1.6% |
| Past | 52,748 (42.1%) | 84.1% | 5.2% | 8.7% | 2.0% |
| Current | 8531 (6.8%) | 77.5% | 5.4% | 13.9% | 3.2% |
| Alcohol use: | P < 0.0001 | ||||
| Non-drinker | 13,370 (10.7%) | 85.6% | 4.3% | 8.5% | 1.5% |
| Former drinker | 22,850 (18.2%) | 79.2% | 6.5% | 11.2% | 3.1% |
| <1 drink/week | 41,571 (33.2%) | 84.2% | 4.8% | 9.1% | 1.9% |
| ≥1 drink/week | 47,516 (37.9%) | 87.2% | 4.1% | 7.4% | 1.4% |
| Physical activity (Met-hours/week): | P < 0.0001 | ||||
| Continuous | 12.5 ± 13.7 | 12.9 ± 13.9 | 10.6 ± 12.8 | 10.2 ± 12.6 | 8.5 ± 11.2 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2): | P < 0.0001 | ||||
| <25 | 44,422 (35.5%) | 87.2% | 3.9% | 7.6% | 1.3% |
| 25–29.9 | 43,483 (34.7%) | 85.1% | 4.8% | 8.3% | 1.8% |
| ≥30 | 37,402 (29.9%) | 80.7% | 5.8% | 10.7% | 2.7% |
| Medical history: | |||||
| Cardiovascular disease: | P < 0.0001 | ||||
| Yes | 25,126 (20.0%) | 80.4% | 6.1% | 10.8% | 2.7% |
| No | 100,181 (79.9%) | 85.6% | 4.5% | 8.3% | 1.7% |
| Hypertension: | P < 0.0001 | ||||
| Yes | 52,859 (42.2%) | 83.2% | 5.6% | 9.1% | 2.2% |
| No | 72,448 (57.8%) | 85.5% | 4.2% | 8.6% | 1.7% |
| Diabetes: | P < 0.0001 | ||||
| Yes | 14,577 (11.6%) | 79.4% | 6.8% | 11.0% | 2.8% |
| No | 110,730 (88.4%) | 85.2% | 4.5% | 8.5% | 1.8% |
| Hyperlipidemia: | P < 0.0001 | ||||
| Yes | 17,186 (13.7%) | 81.9% | 6.1% | 9.5% | 2.5% |
| No | 108,121 (86.3%) | 84.9% | 4.6% | 8.7% | 1.8% |
| Self-rated health: | P < 0.0001 | ||||
| Excellent/Very good/Good | 114,992 (91.8%) | 86.5% | 4.4% | 7.6% | 1.5% |
| Fair/Poor | 10,315 (8.2%) | 62.7% | 8.6% | 22.2% | 6.5% |
| Anti-inflammatory medications: | P < 0.0001 | ||||
| Yes | 22,584 (18.0%) | 79.3% | 8.2% | 9.3% | 3.2% |
| No | 102,723 (81.9%) | 85.7% | 4.0% | 8.7% | 1.6% |
| Dietary Inflammatory Index score: | P < 0.0001 | ||||
| Continuous | 1.02 ± 1.98 | 1.00 ± 1.97 | 0.91 ± 1.98 | 1.69 ± 2.03 | 1.10 ± 2.04 |
WHI Women’s Health Initiative.