Table 3.
Risk of gestational diabetes mellitus by infertility status and by race and ethnicity among singleton births: United States, 2015–2020.
| Adjusted rate difference (95% CI) | Adjusted NNE (95% CI) | Adjusted rate ratio (95% CI)a,b | Bias-corrected rate ratio (95% SI)c | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spontaneous conceptions | 0.0 (Reference) | 0.0 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| All race/ethnicities | ||||
| Any infertility treatment | 3.8 (3.7, 3.9) | 46 (44, 48) | 1.24 (1.23, 1.26) | 1.62 (1.21, 2.17) |
| Assisted reproductive technology | 3.9 (3.8, 4.0) | 79 (72, 89) | 1.18 (1.17, 1.20) | 1.70 (1.27, 2.27) |
| Fertility-enhancing drugs | 3.5 (3.3, 3.6) | 31 (30, 33) | 1.28 (1.27, 1.30) | 1.83 (1.37, 2.44) |
| Non-Hispanic White | ||||
| Any infertility treatment | 3.0 (2.9, 3.1) | 47 (44, 50) | 1.26 (1.24, 1.27) | 1.49 (1.12, 1.99) |
| Assisted reproductive technology | 3.1 (3.0, 3.2) | 77 (68, 88) | 1.20 (1.18, 1.23) | 1.45 (1.09, 1.94) |
| Fertility-enhancing drugs | 2.7 (2.6, 2.9) | 35 (32, 37) | 1.29 (1.26, 1.31) | 1.58 (1.18, 2.11) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | ||||
| Any infertility treatment | 5.2 (4.7, 5.7) | 102 (72, 171) | 1.25 (1.20, 1.31) | 2.00 (1.49, 2.67) |
| Assisted reproductive technology | 5.6 (4.9, 6.3) | 190 (99, 2431) | 1.22 (1.18, 1.23) | 2.17 (1.62, 2.91) |
| Fertility-enhancing drugs | 4.9 (4.1, 5.7) | 51 (38, 80) | 1.30 (1.21, 1.40) | 2.29 (1.70, 3.07) |
| Hispanic | ||||
| Any infertility treatment | 5.0 (4.7, 5.4) | 59 (48, 75) | 1.26 (1.22, 1.30) | 1.61 (1.20, 2.15) |
| Assisted reproductive technology | 5.0 (4.6, 5.5) | 196 (105, 1439) | 1.18 (1.14, 1.24) | 1.56 (1.17, 2.09) |
| Fertility-enhancing drugs | 5.1 (4.5, 5.6) | 31 (26, 38) | 1.35 (1.29, 1.41) | 1.66 (1.24, 2.23) |
CI = confidence interval; NNE = number needed to be exposed; SI = simulation interval.
a
Rate ratios are adjusted for maternal age, live-born parity, education, race and ethnicity, body mass index, chronic hypertension, and year of delivery
b
Confounder-adjusted rate difference and rate ratios are based on imputation analysis for missing covariates (shown in Table 1)
c
Bias-corrected RRs refers to multiple probabilistic bias-corrected risk ratio, after simultaneous corrections for nondifferential exposure misclassification (infertility treatment) and unmeasured confounding biases