Table 4.
Risk of gestational diabetes mellitus by any infertility treatment and stratified by race and ethnicity as well as prepregnancy body mass index among singleton births: United States, 2015–2020.
| Any infertility treatment and prepregnancy body mass index (kg/m2) | Adjusted rate difference (95% CI) | Adjusted NNE (95% CI) | Adjusted rate ratio (95% CI)a,b | Bias-corrected rate ratio (95% SI)c |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spontaneous conceptions | 0.0 (Reference) | 0 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Non-Hispanic White | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 1.1 (0.5, 1.7) | 151 (87, 554) | 1.26 (1.10, 1.44) | 1.71 (1.26, 2.32) |
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 108 (95, 124.) | 1.27 (1.23, 1.30) | 1.51 (1.13, 2.02) |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 2.3 (2.0, 2.5) | 52 (46, 60) | 1.29 (1.26, 1.33) | 1.61 (1.21, 2.16) |
| Class I obesity (30–34.9) | 3.0 (2.6, 3.4) | 42 (36, 50) | 1.23 (1.19, 1.26) | 1.56 (1.17, 2.09) |
| Class II and III obesity (≥35) | 4.6 (4.1, 5.0) | 29 (26, 34) | 1.24 (1.20, 1.28) | 1.55 (1.16, 2.07) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 0.7 (−2.1, 3.6) | 642 (48, −56)d | 1.03 (0.46, 2.34) | 2.27 (1.10, 4.68) |
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.1) | 240 (113, −1866) | 1.28 (1.14, 1.44) | 2.35 (1.74, 3.18) |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 2.7 (1.8, 3.6) | 108 (64, 365) | 1.28 (1.18, 1.40) | 2.06 (1.53, 2.77) |
| Class I obesity (30–34.9) | 2.9 (1.6, 4.1) | 82 (45, 434) | 1.18 (1.07, 1.29) | 1.91 (1.41, 2.57) |
| Class II and III obesity (≥35) | 4.3 (2.7, 5.8) | 46 (29, 112) | 1.23 (1.13, 1.35) | 1.82 (1.34, 2.45) |
| Hispanic | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 1.7 (−0.7, 4.2) | 101 (39, −170) | 1.35 (0.89, 2.04) | 2.92 (1.87, 4.56) |
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.4) | 184 (108, 622) | 1.22 (1.14, 1.31) | 1.80 (1.34, 2.42) |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 2.9 (2.1, 3.6) | 58 (43, 94) | 1.32 (1.25, 1.40) | 1.80 (1.35, 2.41) |
| Class I obesity (30–34.9) | 4.2 (3.0, 5.4) | 28 (22, 40) | 1.30 (1.22, 1.38) | 1.92 (1.44, 2.59) |
| Class II and III obesity (≥35) | 3.5 (2.0, 4.9) | 54 (32, 182) | 1.15 (1.07, 1.23) | 1.53 (1.14, 2.05) |
CI = confidence interval; NNE = number needed to be exposed; SI = simulation interval.
Rate ratios are adjusted for maternal age, live-born parity, education, race and ethnicity, body mass index, chronic hypertension, and year of delivery
Confounder-adjusted rate difference and rate ratios are based on imputation analysis for missing covariates (shown in Table 1)
Bias-corrected rate ratios refers to multiple probabilistic bias-corrected risk ratio, after simultaneous corrections for nondifferential exposure misclassification (infertility treatment) and unmeasured confounding biases
A negative upper confidence limit for NNE means that the confidence interval contains two areas: lower limit to infinity and infinity to upper limit.