TABLE 2.
Baseline characteristics of the iNPHORM longitudinal panel: clinical characteristics
| Characteristics | Overall (n = 978) | T1DM (n = 163) | T2DM (n = 815) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Duration of diabetes; years | |||
| Median (IQR) | 12 (14) | 26 (20) | 11 (13) |
| Missing/unknown, n (%) | 9 (0.92) | 1 (0.61) | 8 (0.98) |
| Medication regimen, n (%) | |||
| Insulin without secretagogues | 475 (48.57) | 163 (100.00) | 312 (38.28) |
| Secretagogues without insulin | 312 (31.90) | 0 | 312 (38.28) |
| Insulin with secretagogues | 191 (19.53) | 0 | 191 (23.44) |
| Missing/unknown, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Type of insulin, n (%) | |||
| Basal (without bolus) | 163 (16.67) | 8 (4.91) | 155 (19.02) |
| Bolus (without basal) | 231 (23.62) | 74 (45.4) | 157 (19.26) |
| Basal and bolus combination (excluding premixed) | 190 (19.43) | 73 (44.79) | 117 (14.36) |
| Basal and bolus combination (including premixed) | 82 (8.38) | 8 (4.91) | 74 (9.08) |
| Other | 3 (0.31) | 0 | 3 (0.37) |
| Not using insulin | 312 (31.90) | 0 | 312 (38.28) |
| Missing/unknown, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Duration of insulin use, yearsa | |||
| Median (IQR) | 6.67 (12.08) | 25.58 (22.08) | 5.00 (7.50) |
| Missing/unknown, n (%) | 3 (0.003) | 1 (0.006) | 2 (0.002) |
| Duration of secretagogue use, yearsa | |||
| Median (IQR) | 4.50 (5.75) | - | 4.50 (5.75) |
| Missing/unknown, n (%) | 10 (0.01) | - | 10 (0.01) |
| Most recent HbA1c value, %; n (%) | |||
| ≤7 | 323 (33.03) | 58 (35.58) | 265 (32.52) |
| 7.1-8 | 337 (34.46) | 60 (36.81) | 277 (33.99) |
| 8.1-9 | 161 (16.46) | 23 (14.11) | 138 (16.93) |
| ≥9.1 | 95 (9.71) | 20 (12.27) | 75 (9.20) |
| Missing/unknown, n (%) | 62 (6.34) | 2 (1.23) | 60 (7.36) |
| Frequency of hypoglycaemia awarenessb, n (%) | |||
| Never or rarely | 66 (6.75) | 6 (3.68) | 60 (7.36) |
| Sometimes or often | 583 (59.61) | 110 (67.48) | 473 (58.04) |
| Always | 226 (23.11) | 47 (28.82) | 179 (21.96) |
| Missing/unknown, n (%) | 103 (10.53) | 0 | 103 (12.64) |
| Number of diabetes complicationsc, n (%) | |||
| 0 | 415 (42.43) | 52 (31.90) | 363 (44.54) |
| 1 | 253 (25.87) | 42 (25.77) | 211 (25.89) |
| 2 | 104 (10.63) | 24 (14.72) | 80 (9.82) |
| 3 | 64 (6.54) | 19 (11.66) | 45 (5.52) |
| 4 | 28 (2.86) | 7 (4.29) | 21 (2.58) |
| ≥5 | 46 (4.70) | 13 (7.98) | 33 (4.05) |
| Missing/unknown, n (%) | 68 (6.95) | 6 (3.68) | 62 (7.61) |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | |||
| No | 862 (88.14) | 146 (89.57) | 716 (87.85) |
| Yes | 107 (10.94) | 17 (10.43) | 90 (11.04) |
| Missing/unknown, n (%) | 9 (0.92) | 0 | 9 (1.10) |
| Number of other comorbidities (excluding chronic kidney disease)d, n (%) | |||
| 0 | 171 (17.48) | 42 (25.77) | 129 (15.83) |
| 1 | 174 (17.79) | 33 (20.25) | 141 (17.30) |
| 2 | 186 (19.02) | 26 (15.95) | 160 (19.63) |
| 3 | 138 (14.11) | 20 (12.27) | 118 (14.48) |
| 4 | 122 (12.47) | 20 (12.27) | 102 (12.52) |
| ≥5 | 132 (13.5) | 15 (9.20) | 117 (14.36) |
| Missing/unknown, n (%) | 55 (5.62) | 7 (4.29) | 48 (5.89) |
| Method of blood glucose monitoring, n (%) | |||
| None | 52 (5.32) | 0 | 52 (6.38) |
| SMBG use | 713 (72.90) | 81 (49.69) | 632 (77.55) |
| rt-C/FGM use | 53 (5.42) | 9 (5.52) | 44 (5.40) |
| SMBG and rt-C/FGM use | 155 (15.85) | 71 (43.56) | 84 (10.31) |
| Missing/unknown, n (%) | 5 (0.51) | 2 (1.23) | 3 (0.37) |
Abbreviations: HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; IQR, interquartile range; Not applicable; rt-C/FGM, real-time continuous or flash glucose monitoring; SMBG, self-monitoring blood glucose; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Among those treated.
Measured using a modified item from the Clarke method70; participants reported to what extent they can tell by their symptoms that their blood glucose is low (never, rarely, sometimes, often, or always).
Diabetes complications included amputation, diabetic ketoacidosis, foot damage, gastroparesis, hyperosmolar coma, neuropathy and retinopathy.
Other comorbidities included bone, joint, or muscle problems; cancer; cardiovascular disease; chronic liver failure; eating disorders; gastrointestinal disease; HIV/AIDS; hypertension; mental health conditions; neurological disorders; and stroke.