Table 3.
Clinical outcomes of patients by procedures and time period.
| Characteristic | Pre-Covid | EP | Recovery | Postrecovery |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EL, n | 1899 | 283 | 557 | 1147 |
| LOS (days), median (range) | ||||
| Raw | 6 (0–332) | 5 (1–155) | 6 (1–234) | 6 (0–280) |
| Fitted [P-value] | 8.3 (0.4–20.8) | 6.7 (0.4–17.6) [.002] | 8.0 (0.9–19.7) [.038] | 8.3 (0.7–20.3) [.003] |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 311 (16.4) | 31 (11.0) | 65 (11.7) | 156 (13.6) |
| OR (95% CI) [P-value] | Ref | 0.505 (0.319–0.777) [0.003] | 0.376 (0.268–0.520) [6.84 × 10–9] | 0.384 (0.298–0.492) [7.71 x 10–14] |
| ICU LOS (days), median (range) | ||||
| Raw | 3.6 (0.1–71.2) | 5.6 (0.7–23.5) | 2.7 (0.2–27.4) | 4.6 (0.3–39.5) |
| Fitted [P-value] | 3.6 (1.0–6.3) | 5.4 (3.9–8.0) [.076] | 3.1 (0.6–5.0) [.040] | 4.6 (1.8–7.0) [.614] |
| 30-Day unplanned readmission, n (%) | 157 (8.3) | 21 (7.4) | 44 (7.9) | 76 (6.6) |
| OR (95% CI) [P-value] | Ref | 0.894 (0.540–1.411) [.646] | 0.866 (0.602–1.221) [.423] | 0.701 (0.521–0.934) [.017] |
| 30-Day mortality, n (%) | 117 (6.2) | 10 (3.5) | 19 (3.4) | 55 (4.8) |
| OR (95% CI) [P-value] | Ref | 0.474 (0.223–0.911) [.036] | 0.310 (0.177–0.516) [1.62 × 10–5] | 0.396 (0.273–0.568) [6.95 × 10–7] |
| Emergency CS, n | 770 | 111 | 188 | 327 |
| LOS (days), median (range) | ||||
| Raw | 4 (1–36) | 4 (1–15) | 4 (1–41) | 3 (2–70) |
| Fitted [P-value] | 4 (4–4) | 4 (4–4) [1.00] | 4 (4–4) [1.00] | 3 (3–3) [.026] |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 4 (0.5) | 0 | 1 (0.5) | 2 (0.6) |
| OR (95% CI) [P-value] | Ref | 5.59 × 10–8 [.995] | 0.506 (0.024–3.833) [.562] | 0.378 (0.039–2.611) [.347] |
| ICU LOS (days), median (range)a | 2.2 (0.6–1158b) | – | 0.3 (0.3–0.3) | 2.3 (1.0–3.5) |
| 30-day unplanned readmission, n (%) | 15 (1.9) | 0 | 2 (1.1) | 8 (2.4) |
| OR (95% CI) [P-value] | Ref | 1.578 × 10–7 [.988] | 0.531 (0.081–1.988) [.413] | 1.235 (0.444–3.196) [.672] |
| 30-day mortality, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Emergency of fixation, n | 170 | 20 | 39 | 70 |
| LOS (days), median (range) | ||||
| Raw | 3.5 (0–155) | 3 (1–61) | 4 (1–59) | 4 (0–97) |
| Fitted [p-value] | 4.9 (1.1–10.1) | 2.7 (2.0–13.0) [0.848] | 6.7 (2.9–13.1) [0.651] | 3.6 (1.5–13.5) [0.558] |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 5 (2.9) | 1 (5.0) | 0 | 0 |
| OR (95% CI) [P-value] | Ref | 1.513 (0.042–1.784) [.773] | 5.245 × 10–9 [.998] | 4.902 × 10–9 [.997] |
| ICU LOS (days), median (range)a | 11.4 (11.4–14.5) | 0.9 (0.9–0.9) | – | – |
| 30-Day unplanned readmission, n (%) | 4 (2.4) | 1 (5.0) | 1 (2.6) | 3 (4.3) |
| OR (95% CI) [P-value] | Ref | 6.546 (0.247–7.891) [0.164] | 1.406 (0.067–1.152) [0.775] | 2.589 (0.388–1.633) [0.302] |
| 30-Day mortality, n (%) | 2 (1.2) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pre-COVID (Jan. 2018—Jan. 2020), EP (Feb.—May 2020), Recovery (Jun.—Nov. 2020), Postrecovery (Dec. 2020—Dec. 2021). Bold indicates statistically significant associations.
For LOS and ICU LOS, the fitted values refer to the predicted median values from the respective median regression models, and P-values are bootstrapped P-values for EP, recovery and postrecovery periods relative to pre-COVID.
a
Median regression not performed due to small sample size
b
Censored on 31 December 2021 (one patient still in ICU).