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. 2024 Mar 22;17:12. doi: 10.1186/s13045-024-01532-x

Table 2.

Representative glycoproteins as cancer biomarkers

Marker Full name Cancer type Cancer-associated glycoforms* Refs.
AFP α-Fetoprotein Liver

Core-fucosylation

(AFP-L3)

 graphic file with name 13045_2024_1532_Figa_HTML.gif [102, 104, 105]
β-hCG β-Human chorionic gonadotropin Testicular, ovarian

Tri-antennary

branching

 graphic file with name 13045_2024_1532_Figb_HTML.gif [106, 107]
MUC1 (CA15-3 /CA27-29)

Mucin1

(Cancer antigen 15–3/27–29)

 Breast

Sialylation

&

High-mannose

 graphic file with name 13045_2024_1532_Figc_HTML.gif [108–110]
CA19-9 Carbohydrate antigen 19–9 or cancer antigen 19–9 Pancreatic, ovarian, gastrointestinal Sialyl Lewis-a graphic file with name 13045_2024_1532_Figd_HTML.gif [111–113]
MUC16 (CA125)

Mucin16

(Cancer antigen 125)

 Ovarian Sialyl-Tn antigen graphic file with name 13045_2024_1532_Fige_HTML.gif [114–116]
CEA and other CEACAMs Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules Colorectal, pancreatic, lung

Fucosylation

&

Bisection and branching

 graphic file with name 13045_2024_1532_Figf_HTML.gif [117–121]

*R – glycan chain; Ser/Thr – serine or threonine; blue square – N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc); yellow square – N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc); green circle – mannose; yellow circle – galactose; red triangle – fucose; purple diamond – N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc, sialic acid)