Table 2.

Prevalence of oral frailty by different measurement methods (N = 310)

Variables	OFI-8	χ2	P*	OFI-8 + TN	χ2	P*	OFI-8 + ODK	χ2	P*	OFI-8 + TN + ODK	χ2	P*	RSST	χ2	P*
	n (%)			n (%)			n (%)			n (%)			n (%)
Sociodemographic
Age (years)	70.0 (67.0, 74.0)			72.60 ± 6.09			71.0 (67.0, 75.0)			72.0 (68.5, 77.0)			70.78 ± 4.18
Age group (years)
60–69	90 (29.0)	0.11	0.95	25 (8.1)	9.31	0.010	68 (21.9)	3.53	0.17	19 (6.1)	10.15	0.006	3 (1)	0.68	0.75‡
70–79	109 (35.2)			51 (16.5)			78 (25.2)			37 (11.9)			6 (1.9)
80+	15 (4.8)			9 (2.9)			15 (4.8)			9 (2.9)			0 (0)
Sex
female	108 (34.8)	0.36	0.55	36 (11.6)	4.02	0.045	90 (29.0)	2.47	0.12	32 (10.3)	0.19	0.67	3 (1)	-	0.32†
male	106 (34.2)			49 (15.8)			71 (22.9)			33 (10.6)			6 (1.9)
Education level
illiteracy	40 (12.9)	3.16	0.37	16 (5.2)	1.55	0.67	31 (10.0)	2.33	0.51	14 (4.5)	1.52	0.68	1 (0.3)	1.43	0.76‡
primary school	103 (33.2)			43 (13.9)			79 (25.5)			32 (10.3)			6 (1.9)
middle school	43 (13.9)			16 (5.2)			32 (10.3)			11 (3.5)			1 (0.3)
high school and above	28 (9.0)			10 (3.2)			19 (6.1)			8 (2.6)			1 (0.3)
Marriage
married	174 (56.1)	1.82	0.18	64 (20.6)	5.28	0.022	130 (41.9)	1.48	0.22	48 (15.5)	5.18	0.023	7 (2.3)	-	0.65†
widowed/unmarried	40 (12.9)			21 (6.8)			31 (10.0)			17 (5.5)			2 (0.6)
Employment status
employed	17 (5.5)	4.92	0.09	5 (1.6)	5.68	0.06	12 (3.9)	4.49	0.11	4 (1.3)	3.52	0.17	2 (0.6)	3.35	0.14‡
retired	166 (53.5)			64 (20.6)			124 (40.0)			49 (15.8)			5 (1.6)
others	31 (10.0)			16 (5.2)			25 (8.1)			12 (3.9)			2 (0.6)
Living arrangement
living alone	40 (12.9)	2.33	0.51	14 (4.5)	4.28	0.23	28 (9.0)	0.88	0.83	9 (2.9)	5.29	0.15	1 (0.3)	6.09	0.08‡
with spouse	141 (45.5)			56 (18.1)			110 (35.5)			43 (13.9)			6 (1.9)
with children	25 (8.1)			13 (4.2)			17 (5.5)			11 (3.5)			0 (0)
others	8 (2.6)			2 (0.6)			6 (1.9)			2 (0.6)			2 (0.6)
Source of income
pension	63 (20.3)	3.48	0.18	20 (6.5)	6.55	0.038	47 (15.2)	0.15	0.93	16 (5.2)	2.01	0.37	3 (1)	4.19	0.11‡
child support or others	37 (11.9)			12 (3.9)			31 (10.0)			11 (3.5)			4 (1.3)
government subsidy	114 (36.8)			53 (17.1)			83 (26.8)			38 (12.3)			2 (0.6)
Monthly incomes
<2000	152 (49.0)	1.15	0.56	67 (21.6)	4.45	0.11	118 (38.1)	2.56	0.28	50 (16.1)	2.02	0.36	7 (2.3)	0.14	1‡
2000–4000	30 (9.7)			10 (3.2)			20 (6.5)			7 (2.3)			1 (0.3)
>4000	32 (10.3)			8 (2.6)			23 (7.4)			8 (2.6)			1 (0.3)
Lifestyle
Alcohol drinking
no	176 (56.8)	2.17	0.14	67 (21.6)	0.10	0.75	135 (43.5)	3.11	0.08	53 (17.1)	0.12	0.73	5 (1.6)	-	0.08†
yes	38 (12.3)			18 (5.8)			26 (8.4)			12 (3.9)			4 (1.3)
Sedentary time
<5 h/d	158 (51)	4.64	0.10	61 (19.7)	0.13	0.94	125 (40.3)	8.61	0.013	45 (14.5)	0.15	0.93	7 (2.3)	0.09	1‡
5 ~ 8 h/d	45 (14.5)			20 (6.5)			30 (9.7)			17 (5.5)			2 (0.6)
≥ 8 h/d	11 (3.5)			4 (1.3)			6 (1.9)			3 (1.0)			0 (0)
Smoking
no	170 (54.8)	1.05	0.31	63 (20.3)	3.57	0.06	128 (41.3)	0.47	0.50	50 (16.1)	0.87	0.35	5 (1.6)	-	0.07†
yes	44 (14.2)			22 (7.1)			33 (10.6)			15 (4.8)			4 (1.3)
Passive smoking
no	157 (50.6)	3.66	0.06	61 (19.7)	1.43	0.23	117 (37.7)	2.66	0.10	45 (14.5)	2.38	0.12	7 (2.3)	-	1†
yes	57 (18.4)			24 (7.7)			44 (14.2)			20 (6.5)			2 (0.6)
Tea drinking
no	137 (44.2)	0.07	0.80	53 (17.1)	0.07	0.79	102 (32.9)	0.01	0.94	41 (13.2)	0.01	0.93	6 (1.9)	-	1†
yes	77 (24.8)			32 (10.3)			59 (19.0)			24 (7.7)			3 (1)
Leisure activities
low	128 (41.3)	1.45	0.49	58 (18.7)	2.11	0.35	93 (30.0)	3.11	0.21	44 (14.2)	1.96	0.38	6 (1.9)	0.15	1‡
moderate	30 (9.7)			10 (3.2)			21 (6.8)			9 (2.9)			1 (0.3)
high	56 (18.1)			17 (5.5)			47 (15.2)			12 (3.9)			2 (0.6)
Comorbidities
Chronic disease
no	65 (21)	0.49	0.48	32 (10.3)	1.97	0.16	44 (14.2)	2.84	0.09	23 (7.4)	0.54	0.46	4 (1.3)	-	0.47†
yes	149 (48.1)			53 (17.1)			117 (37.7)			42 (13.5)			5 (1.6)
Hypertension
no	82 (26.5)	2.01	0.16	38 (12.3)	0.68	0.41	59 (19.0)	2.59	0.11	29 (9.4)	0.45	0.50	5 (1.6)	-	0.50
yes	132 (42.6)			47 (15.2)			102 (32.9)			36 (11.6)			4 (1.3)
Coronary heart disease
no	193 (62.3)	1.83	0.18	76 (24.5)	0.74	0.39	146 (47.1)	0.38	0.54	58 (18.7)	0.61	0.44	7 (2.3)	-	0.17†
yes	21 (6.8)			9 (2.9)			15 (4.8)			7 (2.3)			2 (0.6)
Rheumatoid arthritis
no	206 (66.5)	-	0.28†	80 (25.8)	-	0.07 †	153 (49.4)	-	0.038 †	60 (19.4)	-	0.022 †	9 (2.9)	-	1†
yes	8 (2.6)			5 (1.6)			8 (2.6)			5 (1.6)			0 (0)
Diabetes
no	166 (53.5)	1.34	0.25	64 (20.6)	1.18	0.28	119 (38.4)	6.06	0.014	46 (14.8)	3.70	0.054	7 (2.3)	-	1†
yes	48 (15.5)			21 (6.8)			42 (13.5)			19 (6.1)			2 (0.6)
Gastritis
no	203 (65.5)	-	1.00†	81 (26.1)	-	1†	153 (49.4)	0.03	0.87	64 (20.6)	-	0.21	9 (2.9)	-	1†
yes	11 (3.5)			4 (1.3)			8 (2.6)			1 (0.3)			0 (0)
Frailty
robustness	84 (27.1)	4.29	0.12	40 (12.9)	1.15	0.56	58 (18.7)	7.93	0.019	28 (9.0)	0.19	0.91	6 (1.9)	1.98	0.39‡
pre-frailty	92 (29.7)			34 (11.0)			71 (22.9)			26 (8.4)			2 (0.6)
frailty	38 (12.3)			11 (3.5)			32 (10.3)			11 (3.5)			1 (0.3)
Depression
no	161 (51.9)	0.002	0.97	61 (19.7)	0.72	0.40	117 (37.7)	1.11	0.29	45 (14.5)	1.55	0.21	7 (2.3)	-	1†
yes	53 (17.1)			24 (7.7)			44 (14.2)			20 (6.5)			2 (0.6)
Total	214 (69.0)			85 (27.4)			161 (51.9)			65 (21.0)			9 (2.9)

Note OF, Oral Frailty; OFI-8, Oral Frailty Index-8; TN, number of natural teeth; ODK, Oral diadochokinesis. Continuous variables with a normal distribution are shown as mean ± SD. Continuous variables without a normal distribution are presented as median and interquartile range. Values with P < 0.2 are bolded. The percentages in brackets are based on a total population of 310 participants. ^* Chi-squared test; ^† Fisher’s exact test; ^‡ Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test