Table 2.

Formal and informal literacy practices in book reading strategies.

Literacy practice type	Strategy	Definition	Example
Formal literacy practice	Letter/word-related reference	Focusing the child’s attention on certain words or letters in the text, occasionally accompanied by verbalization of support with the child’s reading	Pointing at a word and enunciating it
	Letter-sound relationship	Guiding the child on the correspondence between letters and sounds	Rhyming words, teaching the sounds associated with specific letters
	Definition of the word	Providing the meanings of words in the book	“[while gesturing] Dome is like this round structure of the building,” Translating difficult English words into familiar Korean equivalents, or vice versa.
Informal literacy practice	Simple description	Providing basic explanations of physical traits of people, objects, actions, locations, and comparable elements encountered in the book	“This car looks so round,” “What is this?”
	Elaborate description	Detailing the events described in the book, providing a comprehensive explanation of the book’s content, rephrasing complex expressions without aiming to teach word definitions, and exploring elements that are hinted at in the illustrations but not explicitly mentioned in the text	“It’s in Jack’s imagination,” “So this car does not make any sound unlike other cars,” “I think here’s an elevator.”
	Links to the world	Creating links between the storyline and real-world events or personal experiences	“This looks just like the car wash we visited last month.” “What house would you build if you could build a house?”
	Prediction inferences	Anticipating future developments in the story and conjecturing about characters’ motives, inner thoughts, or cause-and-effect relationships	“What will come next?” “These people must’ve been so shocked because they’d never seen something like this before!”
	Text recall/recitation	Reciting parts of the book’s text from memory without re-reading the exact text and translating the text from memory without the intention of teaching word meanings
	Book concepts	Discussing the book’s attributes, including the title, author, illustrator; page-turning; or the act of reading itself	“Turn to the next page,” “This page was written to say thank you to the author’s parents.”