Table 1. Candidate genes capable of influencing sex differentiation screened by RNA-seq in chicken embryos at day 2.5 (E2.5), E4.5 and E6.5 stages.

	Male-biased	Female-biased	References
E2.5	NSMF, PGM5, DEF8, FAM234A	SMAD7B, HINTW, HNRNPKL, SPIN1W, UBAP2	Ichikawa et al. (2022)
E4.5	SLC24A2	SMAD7B, HINTW, HNRNPKL, UBAP2	Ichikawa et al. (2022)
	NCBP1, LMAN1, TLE4, UBE2R2, MOSPD2, CDC14B, RAD23B, ST3GAL3, SLC30A5, ITGB8, MELK, GNE, ARHGEF3, RIOK2, PPAP2A, UBQLN1, CZH9orf41, SREK1IP1, KIAA1822, SNCAIP, SNX24, TBCA, ADAMTS19, C5orf13, NFIB, NIPSNAP3A, ACAA2, HNRNPK, CENPH, MTAP, SMAD2, UTP15, GRAMD3, CBWD1, ANKRA2, KCMF1, CENPK, DNAJC21, RNUXA, CCDC5, NDUFAF2, ZNF608, SRFBP1, RNF20, TMEM157, CCDC112, ZFR, MAK10, PIK3AP1, TMEM175, AP3B1, PAK1, NNT, ALDH7A1, SMC5, B4GALT1, CZH9orf103, EMB, ZFAND5, CZH9orf3, BXDC2, TMOD1, GNAQ, GNA11, CCNH, PPWD1, PIAS2, AMACR, ZCCHC6, DTWD2, C5orf37, GFM2, MRPL50, C7, ZNF367, MRPS30, HSD17B4, DIMT1L, TARS, RASA1, TTC33, PLAA, WDR70, HDHD2, C18orf10, ZCCHC9, SRP19, HISPPD1, PJA2, RMI1, FANCC, SDCCAG10, WDR32, APCDD1L, NUP155, GOLPH3, SHANK2, ANKRD32, NUDT2, CFC1B, CZH5orf44, YTHDC2, PELO, TOX3, DMRT1, CHD1, CCDC100, SSBP2, TSTD2, ARSK, NIPBL, WDR36, C5orf21, KIAA1797, SPTLC1, FXN, CHSY3, KIF24, PTGER4, NUDT12, LINGO2, RASA1, TUSC1, SPINW, SPINZ, SLC16A7, IKBKAP, HAUS6, KIAA0372, CZH18orf25, CETN3, KIAA0280, INHA, PIP5K1B, FBXO4, FANCG, PPM1H, DIRAS2, PLIN2, PIGG, GRIA2, STARD4, C9orf125, CZH9orf82, CZH5orf42, RNF165, HEMGN, COL14A1, ERCC8, FRMD3, TMEM90A, CPA6, GRM8, VGLL2, SIM1, MAMDC2, AMH, CYBRD1, SERINC5, SLC18A3, VIP, GABRA4, RGSL1, VSTM2A	HINTW, RPL17L, RPL17, HNRPK, ATP5A1W, UBAP2, SMAD2, FAM26A, FOXL2, ZNF532, SOX2, IL28B, MATN3, GRPR, GABRA5, GTSF1, CKMT1A, C1QC, KCND3, TUBA3E, TAGLN3, ADAD1, STK31, VCAM1, AKR1B10, CD9, LUM, HSPA2	Ayers et al. (2015b)
E6.5	NAV3, FST, MAMDC2, SYTL5, VSX2, AMH, NEU2, MAB21L2, GREM2	PRNP, SLC16A4, URAH, SELENBP1, MEOX1, CREB3L3, CYP1A2, CYP1A1, ADRA1B, SLC22A7, ACSM3, CHAT, F13B, ANKS4B, SLC2A5, MAT1A, VAV2, SLC34A1, LGALS2, CDHR2, A1CF, DAB2, UGT1A1, SIGIRR, HNF4A, PLA2G12B, CYP3A4, ASPA, SLC47A2, SLC5A10, BCO1, PNAT3, PNAT10, GJB1, VILL, SUSD2, SLC5A11, SLC13A5, HOGA1, XYLB, DPEP1, SLC25A48, SLC16A12, SLC22A18, FAH, UPB1, SLC5A1, TTC36, MELTF, ENTPD1, APOA1, MASP1, SLC51A, KMO, PCK1, BCO2, CRYAB, AS3MT, XDH, CUBN, SLC13A1, PPP1R1C, GIPC2, FGB, FGA, PLEK2, VEPH1, CLRN3, HAAO, SLC3A1, SLC1A1, OTOGL, AADAC, HPGDS, VDHAP, CYP4B7, PDZK1IP1, SLC5A9, DIO1, AGR2, CTH, UNC93A, AMN, NR1H4, GC, SLC5A8, SLC15A2, EMP1, ACMSD, BAIAP2L2, IYD, CYTH4, FBP2, MARVELD3, SLC6A13, SBK2, DDC, SLC15A5, IAPP, GYS2, PRMT8, CYP19A1, CYB5A, ALDH8A1, VNN1, CSTA, HAO2, MYOM1, GCNT4, HGD, PLA1A, TMEM174, SLC22A16, TTR, PSAT1, TMPRSS7, PDZK1, ALDOB, SH3TC1, HGFAC, FABP1, KCNJ15, TMPRSS2, TINAG, GSTA4, GSTA3, APOB, ACE2, ASB9, CYP2AC1, CLIC5, RGN, RP2, SULT1C3, F7, SLC10A2, GJB6, SLCO2B1, HAVCR1, CLDN10, SLC6A19, AvBD9, KCNK16, CAPN13, ADH6, AGXT, SLC2A11L1, FAM173A, PAFAH2, HOXD4, GATM, CR1L, SUSD3, SLC26A6, PIPOX, PKIB, SLC26A1, ANPEP, LCAT, TM6SF2, SMAD7B, BPHL, PGLYRP2, KRT18, G6PC, AMBP, RASSF2, ADH1C, CYBRD1, APOC3, ENPEP, MYO7A, TMEM98, MC5R, APOH, IFI30, FER1L6, C1orf115, CDH17, HINTW, PLTP, TMEM230, ASTL, SLC23A1, STAC, CYP4F11, HNRNPKL, DGAT2, PTN, FMO3, BAAT, SPIN1W, UBAP2, SAMSN1, FABP5, MIOX, NR1I3, ALDH4A1, CYP24A1, ACSM5, HNF4G, DAO, TMEM140, MGARP, CYP2AC2, DNAJC22, CYP2C23a, GPD1, GOLT1A, BCL2L15, PTPN20, SLC23A3, TMEM82, HIST1H46L2, C1orf210, AKR1E2, ABCB1, SLC13A3	Ichikawa et al. (2022)