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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Mar 22.
Published in final edited form as: Soc Sci Med. 2023 Aug 30;334:116196. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116196

Table 2.

Gentrification Status by race and ethnicity Status, California, 2006–2017 (n = 5,259,206).

Overall (n = 5,256,905) White (n = 1,445,935) Black (n = 305,972) Asian & Pacific Islander (n = 765,222) Hispanic (n = 2,718,935) American Indian & Alaskan Native (n = 20,841)
Freeman
 Stable 1,333,646 (25.4) 14.5 33.8 17.0 32.6 22.8
 Excluded 3,585,831 (68.2) 79.0 57.4 78.0 61.0 69.1
 Gentrifying 337,428 (6.4) 6.5 8.9 5.0 6.5 8.0
Landis
 Stable 4,192,622 (79.8) 77.6 80.1 78.0 81.3 81.6
 Declining 450,994 (8.6) 9.3 7.5 10.4 7.8 7.2
 Gentrifying 613,289 (11.7) 13.1 12.3 11.6 10.9 11.1
Displacement and Gentrification Typology
 Exclusive 3,315,328 (63.1) 81.0 45.6 77.1 51.5 64.3
 Displacement 1,642,464 (31.2) 16.5 46.9 18.0 41.1 30.6
 Gentrifying 299,113 (5.7) 2.5 7.5 4.9 7.4 5.1

Overall distribution is displayed by count and percentage in parentheses; distribution by race/ethnicity is displayed by column percentage.