Table 3.
Models of negative binomial regression for variables associated with health facility readiness to manage CVDs: Service Provision Assessment Survey, Afghanistan Bangladesh, and Nepal.
|
| |||
|---|---|---|---|
| VARIABLES | AFGHANISTAN | BANGLADESH | NEPAL |
|
| |||
| IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | |
|
| |||
| Facility location | |||
|
| |||
| Rural | na | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Urban | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | |
|
| |||
| Managing authority | |||
|
| |||
| Private | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Public | 0.59 (0.46–0.76)a | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | 0.73 (0.66–0.81)a |
|
| |||
| Facility types 1 | |||
|
| |||
| Private hospitals/clinics | 1.00 | na | na |
|
| |||
| Special hospitals | 1.42 (1.17–1.72)b | ||
|
| |||
| National/Provincial hospitals | 1.65 (1.16–2.34)b | ||
|
| |||
| Facility types 2 | |||
|
| |||
| Non-government organization | na | 1.00 | na |
|
| |||
| clinics/hospitals | |||
|
| |||
| Private clinics/hospitals | 0.91 (0.80–1.04) | ||
|
| |||
| Urban health centers | 0.62 (0.46–0.85)b | ||
|
| |||
| District hospitals | 0.89 (0.51–0.93) | ||
|
| |||
| Facility types 3 | |||
|
| |||
| Community health units | na | na | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Urban health centers | 1.02 (0.97–1.09) | ||
|
| |||
| Health posts | 1.04 0.95–1.19) | ||
|
| |||
| Primary health centers | 1.31 (1.21–1.42)a | ||
|
| |||
| Private hospitals | – | ||
|
| |||
| Local-level hospitals | 1.42 (1.28–1.57)a | ||
|
| |||
| Federal/provisional hospitals | 1.33 (1.20–1.48)a | ||
|
| |||
| External sources of revenue | |||
|
| |||
| Government | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Other than government | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | 1.05 (0.68–1.93) | 1.03 (0.97–1.11) |
|
| |||
| None | 0.77 (0.64–0.92)b | 0.79 (0.68–0.97)c | 1.08 (0.99–1.19) |
|
| |||
| Routine quality assurance activities | |||
|
| |||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Yes | 0.99 (0.92–1.06) | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 1.06 (1.01–1.11)c |
|
| |||
| Routine management meetings | |||
|
| |||
| Not performed | 1.00 | na | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Performed | 0.97 (0.83–1.13) | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | |
|
| |||
| External supervision | |||
|
| |||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Yes | 1.47 (0.96–2.26) | 0.98 (0.86–1.11) | 1.03 (0.95–1.14) |
|
| |||
| User fees | |||
|
| |||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Separate fees | 0.80 (0.59–1.10) | 1.02 (0.92–1.14) | 1.10 (1.04–1.18)b |
|
| |||
| Fixed for all services | 1.01 (0.72–1.41) | 0.97 (0.84–1.13) | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) |
|
| |||
| Presence of health provider, 24 h | |||
|
| |||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Yes | 1.16 (1.06–1.28)b | 1.19 (1.08–1.33)b | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) |
|
| |||
| Clients’ opinions | |||
|
| |||
| Not reviewed | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Reviewed | 1.09 (1.01–1.17)c | 1.09 (1.02–1.19)c | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) |
|
| |||
| Ability to perform | |||
|
| |||
| Only diagnosis | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Only treat | 1.16 (0.97–1.38) | 1.00 (0.91–1.17) | 1.16 (1.08–1.26)a |
|
| |||
| Both | 1.27 (1.05–1.53)c | 1.09 (1.01–1.17)c | 1.17 (1.09–1.25)a |
|
| |||
| No. of CVD care providers | 1.02 (1.01–1.04)b | 1.02 (1.01–1.04)b | 1.02 (1.01–1.04)a |
|
| |||
Note: CI = confidence interval; IRR = incidence risk ratio; na = data were not available; 1facility type was measured for Afghanistan; 2facility type was measured for Bangladesh; 3facility type was measured for Nepal. Here a, b, and c indicate p < 0.001, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05.