Table 3.
Analysis of selected variables depending on the time of remote working among university employees and students in Łódź, Poland, October 2020–June 2021
| Variable | Participants (N = 1209) | p between groups | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| group I (N = 276) | group II (N = 457) | group III (N = 476) | p | I/II | II/III | I/III | ||||
| M±SD | % | M±SD | % | M±SD | % | |||||
| Time of computer use [h] | ||||||||||
| per weekday | 6.72±2.88 | 7.38±2.75 | 8.23±3.03 | <0.001 | 0.011 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| per weekend day | 3.93±2.51 | 4.52±2.75 | 4.84±2.86 | <0.001 | 0.018 | 0.001 | ||||
| per weekday for non-occupational reasons | 2.62±1.96 | 2.84±1.85 | 3.07±1.99 | 0.008 | 0.009 | |||||
| total | 9.35 ±3.31 | 10.20±3.38 | 11.28±3.39 | <0.001 | 0.004 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Time of remote working followed by an active break [min] | 68.40±54.14 | 78.61 ±55.22 | 84.49±54.14 | 0.024 | <0.001 | |||||
| Breaks in less than every 60 min | 28 | 40 | 49 | <0.001 | 0.035 | <0.001 | ||||
| Health problems | ||||||||||
| prevalence of MSD complaints | 73 | 78 | 81 | |||||||
| MSD complaint severity (0-10 VAS) | 3.14±2.99 | 3.62±2.77 | 4.16±2.83 | <0.001 | 0.014 | <0.001 | ||||
| at least moderate stress level | 82 | 88 | 84 | |||||||
| headaches | ||||||||||
| presence | 66 | 75 | 79 | |||||||
| seventy (0-10 VAS) | 3.25±3.10 | 3.50±2.69 | 4.83±5.39 | <0.001 | 0.008 | |||||
| Falling asleep after midnight | ||||||||||
| on weekdays | 30 | 46 | 53 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| on weekend days | 49 | 66 | 67 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Sleep time [h] | ||||||||||
| per weekday | 7.00±1.27 | 6.77±1.41 | 7.07±1.28 | 0.001 | 0.002 | |||||
| per weekend day | 8.20±1.56 | 8.41 ±1.60 | 8.75±1.38 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | ||||
| Sleep disorders | 46 | 55 | 54 | 0.047 | ||||||
| difficulty falling asleep | 34 | 38 | 43 | 0.047 | ||||||
| waking up too early | 18 | 16 | 14 | |||||||
| waking up several times during sleep and having problems | 29 | 26 | 24 | |||||||
| falling asleep again | ||||||||||
| restless sleep (excessive activity) | 14 | 13 | 12 | |||||||
| feeling sleepless when getting out of bed | 24 | 35 | 34 | 0.008 | ||||||
| drowsiness during the day | 26 | 33 | 37 | 0.015 | ||||||
| loud snoring during sleep | 3 | 2 | 4 | |||||||
| increased sweating | 3 | 4 | 6 | |||||||
| shortness of breath, choking during sleep | 0 | 0 | 3 | <0.001 | ||||||
| morning fatigue | 16 | 29 | 29 | <0.001 | 0.009 | 0.009 | ||||
| morning headaches | 4 | 7 | 13 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Reasons for sleep disorders | ||||||||||
| sickness | 12 | 7 | 7 | |||||||
| environmental noise | 5 | 7 | 6 | |||||||
| problems at work/study | 16 | 21 | 22 | |||||||
| shift work or night work | 4 | 6 | 6 | |||||||
| stress | 36 | 46 | 42 | 0.032 | ||||||
| working/learning remotely | 18 | 28 | 32 | <0.001 | 0.006 | |||||
| Activities before bedtime | ||||||||||
| reading | 22 | 18 | 10 | <0.001 | 0.015 | |||||
| watching TV | 20 | 10 | 9 | <0.001 | 0.033 | |||||
| computer, laptop, tablet use | 14 | 16 | 24 | <0.001 | ||||||
| mobile phone use | 39 | 52 | 57 | <0.001 | 0.008 | <0.001 | ||||
| Sleeping medication | ||||||||||
| never or occasionally | 76 | 81 | 88 | 0.021 | ||||||
| sometimes | 18 | 16 | 12 | 0.044 | ||||||
| often | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
| very often or always | 6 | 4 | 0 | <0.001 | ||||||
MSD – musculoskeletal disorders; VAS – Visual Analogue Scale.
The table includes only values of p ≤ 0.05.
Group I – remote working time ≤45%; group II – remote working time >45–75%; group III – remote working time >75%.