Fig. 3. Latitude-time evolution of the 2023 extreme coastal El Niño in OGCM experiments.

Latitude-time Hovmöller diagrams of coastal (80°W to 85°W) SST anomalies (color shading; degree Celsius) and SLA (contours with an interval of 2 cm; positive black, zero omitted and negative gray) from the OGCM (A) CTRL, (B) ${\mathrm{\tau }}_{\text{Coast}}^{\prime }$, (C) ${\mathrm{\tau }}_{\text{EEP}}^{\prime }$, and (D) ${\mathrm{\tau }}_{\text{CWP}}^{\prime }$ simulations.