Table 2.

Mean and variances of the seedling traits measured in the greenhouse. For Punkaharju estimates are from model (1). For the latitudinal populations mean and total variance were calculated from the seedling data directly. Note that the proportion of seedlings not forming terminal bud during the greenhouse experiment (i.e., missing data) was largest in POL, followed by SWE, likely biasing the mean and variance of these two populations downward.

	BST 2008				FYH 2008				FFI 2010
Pop	n	mean	VP	VA	n	Mean	VP	VA	n	Mean	VP	VA
PUN	11,837	103.0	83.6	40.4	11,861	60.7	250.3	141.5	5980	1.91	0.83	0.27
FINn	117	86.3	47.2	–	117	38.4	191.4	–	60	1.17	0.55	–
FINc	116	97.2	64.0	–	116	36.5	202.7	–	60	0.95	0.49	–
FINs	100	108.7	83.1	–	102	41.2	185.5	–	56	1.66	1.25	–
SWE	100	113.9	157.0	–	108	67.2	228.1	–	60	3.68	0.22	–
POL	93	114.3	210.8	–	107	72.0	260.5	–	60	3.90	0.09	–

Note. FINc = Central Finland; FINn = Northern Finland; FINs = Southern Finland; POL = Poland; PUN = Punkaharju; SWE = Sweden.

BST = budset timing (days); FFI = fall frost injury (score 0–4); FYH = first-year height (mm).

n = number of seedlings; VA = additive genetic variance; VP = total variance.