Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Sci Stud Read. 2023 Jul 14;28(2):120–141. doi: 10.1080/10888438.2023.2234519

Table 2.

Descriptive statistics and zero-order correlations of person & word-level features in the full sample (N = 61).

Person-Level Variable M SD 1 2 3 4
 1. Decoding (PDE) 49.41 9.29
 2. General Set for Variability 35.46 5.62 .50**
 3. Target Familiarity (Total) 18.86 3.52 .44** .66**
 4. Target Spelling (Total) 8.89 4.95 .52** .55** .48**
Word-Level Variable M SD 1 2 3 4
 1. Length 9.44 1.30
 2. Log HAL Frequency 6.32 1.67 .05
 3. Number of Morphemes 2.00 0.85 .44* −.17
 4. Number of Schwas 1.48 0.50 .29 −.19 .47*
 5. STPT Rating 3.74 0.80 .28 −.47* .18 .14

Note. M and SD are used to represent mean and standard deviation, respectively.* indicates p < .05. ** indicates p < 001. PDE = Phonemic Decoding Efficiency subtest from the TOWRE-2 (Torgesen et al., 2012); HAL = Hyperspace Analogue to Language corpus; STPT = Spelling to Pronunciation Transparency.