Table 5.

Laboratory infection research

Reference	Study Population	Years	Key Points
Hertz, et al. J Perinatol 1999⁴⁵	1700 blood cultures	Not provided	DNA probe not sufficiently sensitive to be clinically useful Automated blood culture systems are sufficiently sensitive to aid in clinical decision-making regarding discontinuation of antibiotics after 48 hours
Carlo, et al. J Pediatr 2011⁴⁶	1,067 ELBW infants	1999–2002	Infants with cerebral palsy had altered cytokine profiles early in life, suggesting the condition may have late perinatal and/or early neonatal inflammatory origin
Schelonka, et al. Cytokine 2011⁴⁷	996 ELBW infants	2000–2001 (secondary analysis)	Infants with bacteremia had lower levels of IL-17, and higher levels of IL-6 and IL-10 Ratio of immune regulatory cytokines to inflammatory cytokines was associated with development of bacteremia
Sood, et al. Pediatr Res 2011⁴⁸	1,066 ELBW infants	1999–2002 (secondary analysis)	Significant differences between infants with fungal sepsis, bacterial sepsis, or no sepsis for interferon-γ, IL-10 and IL-18, transforming growth factor-β, and tumor necrosis factor-α
Morrow, et al. J Pediatr 2011⁴⁹	410 infants ≤32wks GA	2000–2004	15% of 135 infants with low secretor phenotype died, compared with 2% of 248 infants with high secretor phenotype Low secretor phenotype was associated with NEC, and non-secretor genotype was associated with gram negative sepsis
Srinvasan, et al. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2017⁵⁰	757 ELBW infants	Not provided	No SNPs reached genome-wide significance levels Areas of potential association and pathways meriting further study were identified

Footnotes: Studies listed in order of publication. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid); ELBW (extremely low birth weight); GA (gestational age); IL (interleukin); NEC (necrotizing enterocolitis); SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism)