Table 2.

Clinical trial of CoQ10 in the treatment of diabetes and its cardiovascular complications.

Study group	Number of patients	Intervention (capsule)	Duration	Outcomes	Reference
Subjects with T2DM	37	200 mg/day CoQ10	12 weeks	↓HbA1c	[43]
				↓SBP, DBP
Subjects with T2DM	56	200 mg/day CoQ10	12 weeks	↓HbA1c	[44]
				↓Weight, BMI
Subjects with T2DM with LVDD	36	200 mg/day CoQ10	25 weeks	↓BP	[45]
				↓TG
Subjects with CAD	51	300 mg/day CoQ10	12 weeks	↑CAT, SOD, GPx	[46]
				↓TNF-α, IL-6
Subjects with T2DM	38	150 mg/day CoQ10	8 weeks	↓FBG, HbA1c	[47]
				↓TC, LDL, LPa
Subjects with hyperlipidemia and MI	52	200 mg/day CoQ10	12 weeks	↑HDL	[48]
				↓TC, LDL
				↓LDL/HDL, TC/HDL
				↓SBP, DBP
Subjects with diabetic neuropathy	62	200 mg/day CoQ10	12 weeks	↓HOMA-IR, CRP	[49]
				↑Insulin sensitivity, TAC
Subjects with T2DM	64	200 mg/day CoQ10	12 weeks	↓HbA1c	[50]
				↓LDL
				↓ADMA, nitrite and nitrate
Subjects with T2DM	52	100 mg/day CoQ10	8 weeks	↓MDA levels	[51]
Obese and T2DM subjects with CHD	60	100 mg/day CoQ10	8 weeks	↓HOMO-IR, MDA	[52]
				↑TAC, GSH
T2DM subjects with CHD	60	100 mg/day CoQ10	8 weeks	↓IL-6 and protein carbonyl levels	[53]
Subjects with T2DM	68	100 mg/day CoQ10	12 weeks	↓FBG	[54]
				↑CoQ10, CAT activity, TAC, and QUICKI
Subjects with diabetic nephropathy	50	100 mg/day CoQ10	12 weeks	↓MDA and AGEs levels	[55]
				↑QUICKI
Prediabetes subjects	80	200 mg/day CoQ10	8 weeks	↓HOMA-IR and oxygen-free radical	[56]
Subjects with T2DM	50	100 mg/day CoQ10	12 weeks	↓HbA1c, MES	[57]
				↑HDL
				↑CAT, GPx
Subjects with T2DM	27	100 mg/day CoQ10	12 weeks	↓HbA1c	[58]
				↓oxLDL

AGEs, advanced glycation end products; ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; CHD, coronary heart disease; CAD, coronary artery disease; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; GSH, glutathione; HOMO-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; IL-6, interleukin 6; LPO, lipid peroxidation; LPa, lipoprotein(a); MES, medication effect score; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.