Table 2.

Summary of animal experiences with ICG-FI for breast cancer tumor detection

Author (year)	No. of subjects	Type of BT	FI type	Imaging system	Exposure time	Working distance	ICG dose	ICG-FI detection depth	TBR (BC tumor detection)	TBR calculation program	Timing of FI
Reynolds et al. [13] (1999)	2 Dogs	Malignant mixed mammary tumor Papillary adenoma	In vivo and ex vivo	Locally developed system	NA	5 cm	1 mg/kg	10–15 mm	TBR > 3	NA	0–23 min and 90–120 min
Gurfinkel et al. [40] (2000)	1 Dog	Adenocarcinoma (not specified)	In vivo	Locally developed system	0.2 s	NA	1 mg/kg	5–10 mm	TBR = 3.9 No significant difference in the ICG uptake rates between normal and diseased tissue regions	MATLAB software (MathWorks)	10–50 min and 48–72 h
Favril et al. [41] (2020)	5 Dogs	3 Adenocarcinoma 1 Adenoma 1 Extraskeletal osteosarcoma	In vivo and ex vivo	Fluobeam 800 (Fluoptics)	5–10–20–40 ms	20 cm	5 mg/kg	NA	In vivo TBR = 1.3 (0.8–1.7) In vivo 2/5 BCT identified with FI Ex vivo TBR = 2.9 (1.4–5.7)	ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda)	24 h
Newton et al. [14] (2020)	16 Dogs	20 Malignant mammary tumor 21 Benign mammary tumor	In vivo and ex vivo	Solaris (Perkin Elmer)	10 ms	75 cm	3 mg/kg	NA	In vivo Mean TBR = 1.5 (SD 0.2) Se = 80% (16/20) Sp-42.8% NPV = 69.2%	ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda)	20 h

BC breast cancer, BT breast tumor, FI fluorescence imaging, ICG indocyanine green, TBR tumor-to-background ratio, NA not available, NIH National Institutes of Health