Table 1.

Various types of DTs in healthcare

Physical Entity	Entity	Mechanism	Endpoint
Lung	Lexma12	Runs simulations of blood and oxygen flow	Predict ventilation requirements
Heart	Dassault13, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, FDA;	Simulates the structure and physiologic function of the heart	Customization and optimization of cardiac devices
Heart	Siemens Healthineers23	Simulates the structure and physiologic function of the heart	Cardiac resynchronization
Heart	Heart Navigator40	simulated TAVR implantations with different aortic prosthesis	Surgical planning
Spine	Ahmadian et al.42	Predict Vertebral Fracture after Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy	Optimal radiation plan to minimize treatment side effects
Alzheimer’s disease	Unlearnai14	Predicting the individual outcome in neurological diseases	DT of controls of clinical trial and ultimately clinical interventions
Breast lesions	VICTRE trial51	Image based virtual patients comparing digital mammography to tomosynthesis	Determine which imaging tool is better at detecting breast lesions
Oropharyngeal cancer	Tardini et al.61	Optimal treatment selection	Determine optimal treatment plan for oropharyngeal cancer
Type 2 Diabetes	Cleveland Clinic Twin Health NCT0518144988	Disease reversal in type 2 diabetes	Randomized control trial examining twin precision treatment vs. standard of care
Mental health	MindBank AI65, IBM66, Babylon67, DigiTwin68		Wellness
Pharma Lab	Atos, Siemens, GSK23,36		Optimize drug manufacturing
Biomanufacturing	Teva and AG Pharmaceuticals37	Adjust input conditions Key and Critical Process Parameters	Predictive biomanufacturing
Drug Discovery	Takeda34		Drug Discovery
Hospitals	GE Care command24; Siemens Healthineers23		Earlier response times for critical patients, supply chain management, workflow