Figure 4.

Energy metabolism pathway dependency profile of control and 2.5 mM metformin treated HepG2 cells

(A) Relative viability of the control (gray bars) or 48-h metformin-treated (orange bars) HepG2 cells treated with DMSO or 100 mM 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) or 1 μM Oligomycin A (OA) or both for 1 h estimated by XTT assay.

(B) Relative levels of ATP in respective groups.

(C) Viability-normalized relative cellular ATP levels in respective groups estimated by luminescent-based ATP assay.

(D) Energy metabolism pathway dependency profile calculated from normalized ATP levels in respective groups. Data shown as mean ± SD. n = 3 biological replicates. Two tailed Student’s t test was applied for significance testing, ∗ indicates p < 0.05.