Table 3.

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) in health care categories and security or privacy threats in model training or building and implementation phases.

Category	Model training and building phase			Implementation phase
	Integrity threats	Availability threats	Integrity threats		Confidentiality threats
Medical diagnostics	Adversarial training and classification manipulation (eg, image classification manipulation)	Model performance deteriorating by feeding poisonous data	AI hallucination (eg, made-up diagnosis), misinformation or disinformation, and adversarial use exploitation		Data extraction from carefully crafted prompts and privacy attacks
Drug discovery	Adversarial training and classification manipulation	Model performance deteriorating by feeding poisonous data	AI hallucination (eg, made-up chemical compound or protein structures), misinformation or disinformation, and adversarial use exploitation		Data extraction from carefully crafted prompts and privacy attacks
Virtual health assistants	Adversarial training and classification manipulation	Model performance deteriorating by feeding poisonous data	AI hallucination (eg, made-up medical advice), misinformation or disinformation, and adversarial use exploitation		Data extraction from carefully crafted prompts and privacy attacks
Medical research	Adversarial training and classification manipulation	Model performance deteriorating by feeding poisonous data	AI hallucination (eg, made-up findings, hypothesis, and citations), misinformation or disinformation, and adversarial use exploitation		Data extraction from carefully crafted prompts and privacy attacks
Clinical decision support	Adversarial training and classification manipulation	Model performance deteriorating by feeding poisonous data	AI hallucination (eg, made-up conclusions, findings, and recommendations), misinformation or disinformation, and adversarial use exploitation		Data extraction from carefully crafted prompts and privacy attacks