Table 2.

Advantages and disadvantages of different methods of 3D bioprinting

Methods of 3D bioprinting	Advantages	Disadvantages
Inkjet bioprinting	High print speed	Low cell viscosity and density
	High resolution	Relatively low cell viability
	Cost-effective technique	Poor mechanical properties
	Cell printing ability	Only create simple structures
FDM	No solvents	Poor mechanical properties
	Low cost	Layer-by-layer appearance
	High print speed	Poor surface properties
	Simple and continuous production	Limited thermoplastic polymer
	Clean material and less pollution	High temperature damage cell
		Poor cell printing ability
SLA	Create highly complex geometrical features	Limitation on bioink
	No limitation on cell viscosity	Damage to cells during photocuring
	No nozzle clogging problems	High cost
	High concentration of cells	Low print speed
	High speed and resolution
	High surface quality
Micro-extrusion bioprinting	No limitation on bioink	Poor pressure-based systems
	High cell viability
	High print speed
	Print very high cell density models
3D bioplotting	High accuracy	Low cell adhesion

3D: Three-dimensional; FDM: fused deposition modelling; SLA: stereolithography.