Table 2. Association between HPV infection and other RTI pathogens infection among reproductive-age women in six tertiary hospitals in China from June 2021 to December 2022.
| RTI pathogens | Total | HPV-positive | HR-HPV- positive | HPV 16/18-positive | ||||||||
| n (%) |
Crude OR
(95% CI) |
Adjusted OR
(95% CI)* |
n (%) |
Crude OR
(95% CI) |
Adjusted OR
(95% CI)* |
n (%) |
Crude OR
(95% CI) |
Adjusted OR
(95% CI)* |
||||
| Abbreviation: HPV=human papillomavirus; HR-HPV=high risk HPV; RTI=reproductive tract infection; OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval. * Adjusted for age group, ethnic group, education level, family monthly income, marital status, and parity. † Regression was not possible because the sample size of the positive group was 0. | ||||||||||||
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | ||||||||||||
| Negative | 3,123 | 633 (20.3) | Ref. | Ref. | 558 (17.9) | Ref. | Ref. | 137 (4.4) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Positive | 10 | 6 (60.0) | 5.90 (1.66, 20.97) | 10.82 (2.04, 57.4) | 5 (50.0) | 4.60 (1.33, 15.93) | 6.86 (1.49, 31.72) | 2 (20.0) | 5.45 (1.15, 25.9) | 9.31 (1.70, 51.08) | ||
| Chlamydia trachomatis | ||||||||||||
| Negative | 2,981 | 578 (19.4) | Ref. | Ref. | 514 (17.2) | Ref. | Ref. | 127 (4.3) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Positive | 152 | 61 (40.1) | 2.79 (1.99, 3.90) | 2.64 (1.80, 3.86) | 49 (32.2) | 2.28 (1.60, 3.25) | 2.18 (1.47, 3.24) | 12 (7.9) | 1.93 (1.04, 3.57) | 2.14 (1.13, 4.05) | ||
| Ureaplasma species | ||||||||||||
| Negative | 1,813 | 268 (14.8) | Ref. | Ref. | 241 (13.3) | Ref. | Ref. | 60 (3.3) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Positive | 1,320 | 371 (28.1) | 2.25 (1.89, 2.69) | 2.13 (1.75, 2.59) | 322 (24.4) | 2.10 (1.75, 2.53) | 1.96 (1.60, 2.41) | 79 (6.0) | 1.86 (1.32, 2.62) | 1.73 (1.18, 2.54) | ||
| Ureaplasma urealyticum | ||||||||||||
| Negative | 2,814 | 539 (19.2) | Ref. | Ref. | 479 (17.0) | Ref. | Ref. | 116 (4.1) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Positive | 319 | 100 (31.3) | 1.93 (1.49, 2.49) | 1.97 (1.46, 2.65) | 84 (26.3) | 1.74 (1.33, 2.28) | 1.67 (1.22, 2.29) | 23 (7.2) | 1.81 (1.14, 2.87) | 1.59 (0.92, 2.72) | ||
| Ureaplasma parvum 1 | ||||||||||||
| Negative | 2,964 | 591 (19.9) | Ref. | Ref. | 519 (17.5) | Ref. | Ref. | 130 (4.4) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Positive | 169 | 48 (28.4) | 1.59 (1.13, 2.25) | 1.45 (1.00, 2.12) | 44 (26.0) | 1.66 (1.16, 2.37) | 1.58 (1.07, 2.32) | 9 (5.3) | 1.23 (0.61, 2.45) | 1.01 (0.46, 2.24) | ||
| Ureaplasma parvum 3 | ||||||||||||
| Negative | 2,577 | 497 (19.3) | Ref. | Ref. | 442 (17.2) | Ref. | Ref. | 108 (4.2) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Positive | 556 | 142 (25.5) | 1.44 (1.16, 1.78) | 1.36 (1.07, 1.73) | 121 (21.8) | 1.34 (1.07, 1.68) | 1.23 (0.95, 1.58) | 31 (5.6) | 1.35 (0.90, 2.03) | 1.16 (0.73, 1.85) | ||
| Ureaplasma parvum 6 | ||||||||||||
| Negative | 2,709 | 502 (18.5) | Ref. | Ref. | 441 (16.3) | Ref. | Ref. | 109 (4.0) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Positive | 424 | 137 (32.3) | 2.10 (1.68, 2.63) | 1.93 (1.51, 2.48) | 122 (28.8) | 2.08 (1.64, 2.62) | 1.97 (1.52, 2.54) | 30 (7.1) | 1.82 (1.20, 2.76) | 1.76 (1.12, 2.78) | ||
| Ureaplasma parvum 14 | ||||||||||||
| Negative | 3,122 | 635 (20.3) | Ref. | Ref. | 560 (17.9) | Ref. | Ref. | 139 (4.5) | ||||
| Positive | 11 | 4 (36.4) | 2.24 (0.65, 7.67) | 2.86 (0.80, 10.3) | 3 (27.3) | 1.72 (0.45, 6.49) | 2.22 (0.57, 8.69) | 0 (0) | –† | –† | ||
| Mycoplasma genitalium | ||||||||||||
| Negative | 3,112 | 627 (20.1) | Ref. | Ref. | 552 (17.7) | Ref. | Ref. | 135 (4.3) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Positive | 21 | 12 (57.1) | 5.28 (2.22, 12.6) | 3.17 (1.22, 8.22) | 11 (52.4) | 5.1 (2.16, 12.07) | 3.06 (1.17, 7.99) | 4 (19.0) | 5.19 (1.72, 15.63) | 6.09 (1.91, 19.49) | ||
| Mycoplasma hominis | ||||||||||||
| Negative | 2,986 | 577 (19.3) | Ref. | Ref. | 509 (17.0) | Ref. | Ref. | 126 (4.2) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Positive | 147 | 62 (42.2) | 3.05 (2.17, 4.28) | 2.76 (1.87, 4.08) | 54 (36.7) | 2.83 (1.99, 4.00) | 2.48 (1.66, 3.71) | 13 (8.8) | 2.20 (1.21, 4.00) | 2.23 (1.15, 4.30) | ||
| Herpes simple virus type Ⅱ | ||||||||||||
| Negative | 3,106 | 621 (20.0) | Ref. | Ref. | 545 (17.5) | Ref. | Ref. | 136 (4.4) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Positive | 27 | 18 (66.7) | 8.00 (3.58, 17.90) | 6.67 (2.89, 15.36) | 18 (66.7) | 9.40 (4.20, 21.03) | 7.94 (3.44, 18.29) | 3 (11.1) | 2.73 (0.81, 9.18) | 2.38 (0.69, 8.25) | ||
| Any RTIs | ||||||||||||
| Negative | 1,691 | 226 (13.4) | Ref. | Ref. | 206 (12.2) | Ref. | Ref. | 46 (2.7) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Single-RTI-positive | 1,125 | 273 (24.3) | 2.08 (1.71, 2.53) | 1.97 (1.59, 2.45) | 235 (20.9) | 1.90 (1.55, 2.34) | 1.82 (1.45, 2.28) | 63 (5.6) | 2.12 (1.44, 3.13) | 2.17 (1.41, 3.34) | ||
| Multiple-RTI-positive | 317 | 140 (44.2) | 5.13 (3.94, 6.66) | 4.85 (3.59, 6.56) | 122 (38.5) | 4.51 (3.45, 5.90) | 4.17 (3.06, 5.68) | 30 (9.5) | 3.74 (2.32, 6.02) | 3.47 (2.01, 6.00) | ||