Table 2.

Multilevel models of associations between covariates and sleep outcomes (min)

	Sleep Onset (b±SE min)^a	Sleep Midpoint (b±SE min)^a	Sleep Offset (b±SE min)^a	Sleep Duration (b±SE min)
Intercept	00:14±00:20	04:34±00:19^***	08:56±00:18^***	517.3±13.9^***
School night (ref: Free night)	−70.1±4.9^***	−111.2±4.3^***	−157.4±5.2^***	−77.5±4.8^***
Bedtime routine (ref: Not true)
Sometimes true	6.5±12.7	1.0±11.6	0.2±11.2	−10±8.7
Often true	−10.1±11.3	−8.8±10.4	−12.9±10.0	2.7±7.8
Age (15-years-centered)	−10.9±8.4	−6.8±7.7	5.8±7.3	8.3±5.7
Birth sex (ref: Female)	32.1±8.8^***	20.3±8.0^*	15±7.7^†	−24.1±6.0^***
Race (ref: White)
Black/African American	20.6±13.0	11.4±11.9	4.4±11.4	−18.4±8.9^*
Hispanic/Latino	18.1±14.2	26.7±13.0^*	27.2±12.4^*	17.9±9.6^†
Multiracial/Other	4.8±15.2	4.9±14.0	2.1±13.4	0.2±10.4
Household income-to-poverty ratio (ref: >300%)
<49%	60.2±18.8^**	45.7±17.2^**	23.0±16.5	−28.3±12.9^*
50–99%	−2.8±14.7	−7.1±13.4	−17.8±12.9	−9.0±10
100–199%	17.7±13.0	13.9±11.9	4.6±11.4	−8.0±8.9
200–299%	−9.0±14.2	−13.7±13.0	1.4±12.5	−11.1±9.7
Caregiver’s education (ref: <High school)
High school or equivalent	15.4±16.1	13.1±14.8	13.4±14.1	−4.1±10.9
Some college or technical school	11.4±14.5	8.9±13.3	6.9±12.7	−3.7±9.9
College or graduate school	7.7±17.6	9.1±16.1	4.6±15.4	3.8±12.0
Family structure (ref: Mother + father)
Mother + new partner	−4.1±11.9	3.9±11.0	11.0±10.5	15.5±8.1^†
Mother only	9.6±11.4	12.2±10.5	23.7±10.0^*	5.2±7.8
Father or other	20.3±18.1	22.5±16.6	19.2±15.9	4.7±12.3
Participants	475
Observations	2259

Note.

^***

p<.001

^**

p<.01

p<.05

^†

p<.1

^a.

Intercept units are clocktime±SE