Table 2.
Associations between child neurodevelopmental or behavioural problems and maternal unemployment at child age 7 and 10 (prevalence ratio, PR, and respective 95% confidence interval, CI)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 3 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) (n = 5754) | Child age 7 | Child age 10 | Child age 7 | Child age 10 | Child age 7 | Child age 10 | 7 and 10 | |
| Suspected | ||||||||
| Learning problems | ||||||||
| No | 5184 (90.2) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 562 (9.8) | 1.53 (1.32–1.77) | 1.56 (1.33–1.83) | 1.25 (1.08–1.44) | 1.27 (1.08–1.49) | 1.20 (1.04–1.40) | 1.26 (1.07–1.48) | 1.29 (1.03–1.63) |
| Attention problems | ||||||||
| No | 4528 (79.0) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1207 (21.0) | 1.12 (0.99–1.28) | 1.03 (0.90–1.19) | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) | 0.97 (0.84–1.11) | 1.02 (0.90–1.16) | 0.97 (0.84–1.11) | 1.08 (0.89–1.31) |
| Language problems | ||||||||
| No | 4825 (84.0) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 918 (16.0) | 1.14 (0.99–1.32) | 1.17 (1.01–1.36) | 1.06 (0.93–1.22) | 1.09 (0.94–1.25) | 1.07 (0.93–1.22) | 1.09 (0.94–1.27) | 1.08 (0.87–1.34) |
| Externalising behaviours | ||||||||
| No | 5080 (88.7) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 649 (11.3) | 1.31 (1.13–1.52) | 1.50 (1.29–1.74) | 1.15 (0.99–1.33) | 1.32 (1.14–1.53) | 1.11 (0.96–1.29) | 1.29 (1.11–1.50) | 1.41 (1.13–1.74) |
| Developmental delay | ||||||||
| No | 5596 (97.7) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 133 (2.3) | 1.60 (1.22–2.09) | 1.92 (1.49–2.49) | 1.36 (1.04–1.77) | 1.61 (1.24–2.11) | 1.33 (1.02–1.74) | 1.58 (1.20–2.06) | 1.54 (1.04–2.26) |
| Autism | ||||||||
| No | 5670 (99.1) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 54 (0.9) | 1.10 (0.65–1.87) | 1.55 (0.99–2.45) | 1.25 (0.74–2.12) | 1.77 (1.10–2.85) | 1.20 (0.71–2.05) | 1.73 (1.07–2.79) | 1.42 (0.65–3.08) |
| Other problemsa | ||||||||
| No | 5387 (93.9) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 352 (6.1) | 1.08 (0.87–1.34) | 1.11 (0.88–1.39) | 1.06 (0.85–1.31) | 1.09 (0.87–1.37) | 1.04 (0.83–1.29) | 1.07 (0.85–1.35) | 1.07 (0.77–1.49) |
| Diagnosed | ||||||||
| Learning problems | ||||||||
| No | 5510 (96.0) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 231 (4.0) | 1.56 (1.26–1.93) | 1.51 (1.20–1.91) | 1.31 (1.06–1.61) | 1.26 (1.00–1.59) | 1.28 (1.04–1.57) | 1.22 (0.96–1.54) | 1.31 (0.95–1.82) |
| Attention problems | ||||||||
| No | 5438 (95.0) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 288 (5.0) | 1.13 (0.90–1.43) | 1.31 (1.04–1.64) | 1.03 (0.82–1.28) | 1.19 (0.95–1.49) | 1.01 (0.80–1.26) | 1.15 (0.91–1.44) | 1.26 (0.92–1.72) |
| Language problems | ||||||||
| No | 5078 (88.6) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 653 (11.4) | 1.03 (0.87–1.22) | 1.16 (0.98–1.37) | 0.97 (0.82–1.14) | 1.08 (0.91–1.27) | 0.97 (0.82–1.14) | 1.06 (0.90–1.26) | 0.94 (0.72–1.22) |
| Externalising behaviours | ||||||||
| No | 5521 (96.7) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 191 (3.3) | 1.29 (0.99–1.67) | 1.49 (1.16–1.93) | 1.11 (0.86–1.44) | 1.31 (1.03–1.67) | 1.07 (0.83–1.38) | 1.23 (0.96–1.59) | 1.44 (1.02–2.04) |
| Developmental delay | ||||||||
| No | 5626 (98.3) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 100 (1.7) | 1.69 (1.26–2.28) | 1.82 (1.34–2.47) | 1.42 (1.06–1.91) | 1.50 (1.10–2.06) | 1.39 (1.04–1.87) | 1.42 (1.03–1.96) | 1.54 (1.00–2.39) |
| Autism | ||||||||
| No | 5692 (99.5) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 30 (0.5) | 0.72 (0.29–1.79) | 1.60 (0.88–2.90) | 0.78 (0.31–1.96) | 1.73 (0.94–3.18) | 0.75 (0.30–1.89) | 1.66 (0.88–3.12) | 1.20 (0.40–3.60) |
| Other problemsa | ||||||||
| No | 5636 (98.3) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 98 (1.7) | 1.11 (0.74–1.64) | 1.29 (0.88–1.89) | 1.15 (0.78–1.71) | 1.36 (0.93–2.00) | 1.11 (0.75–1.65) | 1.25 (0.83–1.87) | 1.21 (0.67–2.20) |
| Nr. of suspected problems | ||||||||
| 0 | 3514 (62.1) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 1219 (21.5) | 1.13 (0.99–1.29) | 1.09 (0.94–1.26) | 1.07 (0.94–1.22) | 1.04 (0.90–1.20) | 1.08 (0.94–1.23) | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | 1.10 (0.89–1.36) |
| 2+ | 924 (16.3) | 1.36 (1.19–1.56) | 1.36 (1.18–1.57) | 1.16 (1.01–1.33) | 1.17 (1.01–1.35) | 1.13 (0.99–1.30) | 1.14 (0.98–1.32) | 1.28 (1.04–1.57) |
| Nr. of diagnosed problems | ||||||||
| 0 | 4748 (84.5) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 552 (9.8) | 0.91 (0.75–1.10) | 1.08 (0.89–1.31) | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 1.04 (0.86–1.25) | 0.87 (0.72–1.05) | 1.03 (0.86–1.25) | 0.76 (0.55–1.04) |
| 2+ | 321 (5.7) | 1.32 (1.08–1.62) | 1.42 (1.15–1.75) | 1.16 (1.05–1.27) | 1.23 (1.00–1.51) | 1.11 (0.91–1.35) | 1.18 (0.95–1.46) | 1.32 (0.99–1.76) |
Model 1—crude associations
Model 2—adjusted for maternal age and educational level, in years
Model 3—adjusted for maternal age (in years), maternal educational level (in years), single mother household, singleton/multiple pregnancy, having children with less than 6 years of age in household and maternal history of a diagnosed mental disorder
aIncludes socialisation problems, anxiety problems, depression, fear, lack of self-confidence and shyness