Table 1.

Examples of endovascular approach to congenital portosystemic shunts

Year	Type of publication/number of patients	Author	Service provided by	Presenting manifestation	Age	Size of the shunt	Type of occluding device
2010	Case report/1	Kuo et al	Interventional radiology	Progressive cyanosis	11 years	14 mm	Graded closure using covered stents to allow growth of portal veins followed by complete closure by vascular plug
2012	Case report/1	Passalacqua et al	Interventional Radiology	Progressive cyanosis	3 years	10 mm	Vascular plug 10 mm
2013	Case Series/4	Bruckheimer et al	Pediatric cardiology	Four patients all presenting with hepatic encephalopathy	2.5 years, 4 years, 8 and 10 years	Not reported	Graded closure using covered stents followed by duct occluder
2017	Case report/1	AlHarbi et al	Pediatric Cardiology and Interventional radiology	Hepatic encephalopathy	1 month-old	4 mm	Duct occluder 12 × 6 mm
2017	Case series/2	Tomiyama et al	Pediatric Radiology	Two patients presenting with Hepatic encephalopathy	75 and 83 years old	Not reported	22- and 14-mm vascular plugs, respectively
2021	Case report/1	Facas et al	Interventional Radiology	Asymptomatic: during routine screening of liver functions before isotretinoin therapy for acne	15 years	16 mm	16 mm atrial septal occluder followed by 14 mm vascular plug
2021	Case report/1	Shnayder et al	Interventional Radiology	Hepatic encephalopathy	2 years	14 mm	18 mm patent foramen ovale device
2022	Case series/21	Koneti et al	Pediatric cardiology	11 with progressive cyanosis 6 with pulmonary hypertension 2 with hepatic encephalopathy 2 with pulmonary hypertension and progressive cyanosis	0.45 to 19 years	7–16 mm	Ten with vascular plugs Six with muscular ventricular septal defect (VSD)device Four by septal occluder Graded closure using covered stents followed by Muscular VSD One by duct occluder