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. 2024 Mar 23;15:2617. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-46964-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a The comparison in H₂ flux among three membrane-based P2H systems (error bar represents the standard deviation from three independent replicates); b the comparison in specific energy consumption (SEC) among three membrane-based P2H systems. The orange region represents the SEC range typical for direct wastewater electrolysis. The green region represents the SEC range for industrial alkaline water electrolysis; c H₂ flux and SEC of the FOWS_AWE system changed with KOH temperatures. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.