Table 6.
Newcastle–Ottawa quality assessment scale for included studiesa
| Study | Country | Year | Article/study type | Subjects (n) | Journal | Newcastle–Ottawa scale risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agarwal | India | 2019 | Cross-sectional | 100 | Obstet Med | 6 |
| Alam et al39 | Bangladesh, Burkina Faso | 2016 | Mixed methods | 640 | Int J Gynaecol Obstet | 5 |
| Albright | The United States | 2014 | Retrospective cohort | 850 | Am J Obstet Gynecol | 6 |
| Albright | The United States | 2017 | Retrospective cohort | 1,250 | Obstet Gynecol | 6 |
| Amir | Australia | 2006 | Case control | 199 | BMC Fam Pract | 7 |
| Amir | Australia | 2006 | Case control | 94 | Aust Fam Physician | 8 |
| Barimani | Sweden | 2014 | Cross-sectional | 546 | Scand J Caring Sci | 3 |
| Barker | Canada | 2016 | Nested case control | 8,728 | Archives of Women’s Mental Health | 6 |
| Basurto Ona | Spain | 2015 | Systematic review | 479 | Cochrane Database Syst Rev | 8 |
| Batra et al11 | The United States | 2017 | Retrospective cross-sectional | 1,071,232 | Obstet Gynecol | 6 |
| Behcet et al21 | Turkey | 2007 | Retrospective cross-sectional | 38 | Neurosciences (Riyadh) | 6 |
| Bosma | The United States | 2016 | Retrospective cross-sectional | 185 | Emergency Radiol | 7 |
| Brousseau et al17 | The United States | 2017 | Retrospective cohort | 252 | Hypertens Pregnancy | 6 |
| Brousseau et al16 | The United States | 2018 | Retrospective cohort | 5,708 | J Womens Health | 6 |
| Brown et al75 | Canada | 2017 | Cross-sectional | 382,116 | J Womens Health | 8 |
| Bryan | The United States | 1999 | Retrospective cross-sectional | 403 | J Reprod Med | 4 |
| Bryant et al35 | The United States | 2016 | Retrospective cohort | 14,220 | Matern Child Health | 6 |
| Cano Alonso | Spain | 2009 | Retrospective observational | NR | Emerg Radiol | 6 |
| Clark et al10 | The United States | 2010 | Retrospective cross-sectional | 222,084 | Am J Obstet Gynecol | 6 |
| Fabiyi et al77 | The United States | 2019 | Retrospective cohort | 304 | Journal of Women’s Health | 6 |
| Ferriols Perez | Spain | 2017 | Observational retrospective | 668 | J Obstet Gynecol | 6 |
| França and McManus36 | The United States | 2018 | Observational retrospective | 3,213,111 | PLOS One | 6 |
| Glasser | Israel | 2018 | Observational retrospective | 20,259 | Isr J Health Policy Res | 5 |
| Goodacre et al32 | The United Kingdom | 2019 | Retrospective cross-section | 522 | BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology | 6 |
| Goodacre et al33 | The United Kingdom | 2018 | Case control; cross-sectional | 440; 265 | Health Technol Assess | 8 |
| Harris et al78 | The United States | 2015 | Retrospective cohort | 26,074 | Journal of Women’s Health | 8 |
| Houtchens | The United States | 2018 | Retrospective administrative claims database | 2,158 | Neurology | 6 |
| Hu | Australia | 2017 | Retrospective observational | 119 | Pract Midwife | 6 |
| Johnson et al46 | The United States | 2000 | Case control and cohort survey | 1,427 | Womens Health Issues | 7 |
| Kabrhel et al34 | The United States | 2010 | Prospective observational | 4,356 | Academic Emergency Medicine | 6 |
| Kamel et al31 | The United States | 2014 | Retrospective crossover cohort | 1,687,930 | The New England Journal of Medicine | 6 |
| Kamel et al14 | The United States | 2016 | Cohort cross-over | 4,933,697 | Circulation | 6 |
| Karadas et al22 | Turkey | 2014 | Retrospective cross-sectional | 51 | J Pak Med Assoc | 6 |
| Kothari et al30 | The United States | 2009 | Retrospective observational | 964 | J Women’s Health | 8 |
| Kramlinger | The United States | 1984 | Retrospective cross-sectional | 106 | Am J Med | 4 |
| Kurtz Landy et al40 | Canada | 2008 | Cross-sectional | 726 | BMC Health Serv Res | 6 |
| La Rosa | The United States | 2019 | Randomized controlled trial | 1,019 | Amer L Perinatol | 7 |
| Lai et al23 | Taiwan | 2004 | Prospective observational | 15 | Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences | 6 |
| Lalibert et al45 | Canada | 2016 | Randomized controlled trial | 572 | PLOS One | 7 |
| Lewkowitz | The United States | 2019 | Retrospective cohort | 1,203,050 | Am J Obstet Gynecol | 5 |
| Lewkowitz et al79 | The United States | 2019 | Retrospective cohort | 1,193,968 | Obstet Gynecol | 8 |
| Lieu et al44 | The United States | 1998 | Double prospective cohort | 800 | Pediatrics | 5 |
| Luo et al80 | Canada | 2018 | Retrospective cohort | 319 | J Maternal Fetal Neonatal Med | 7 |
| Madlon-Kay and DeFor41 | The United States | 2005 | Retrospective cross-sectional | 22,944 | J Am Board Fam Pract | 6 |
| Mandl | The United States | 1999 | Prospective cohort | 1,200 | Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med | 4 |
| Mitra et al76 | The United States | 2019 | Retrospective cohort | 596,464 | J Epidemiol Community Health | 8 |
| Mitra et al13 | The United States | 2018 | Retrospective cohort | 779,513 | Maternal and Child Health Journal | 8 |
| Murray et al47 | The United Kingdom | 2003 | Nested cohort case control | 158 | J Public Health Med | 6 |
| Nannini | The United States | 2011 | Retrospective cohort | 273,345 | MIDIRS Midwifery Digest | 6 |
| Nannini | The United States | 2008 | Retrospective cohort | 1,468 | Nursing Research | 6 |
| Nannini et al38 | The United States | 2008 | Retrospective cohort | 100,051 | J Midwifery Womens Health | 6 |
| Parriott | The United States | 2016 | Retrospective cohort | 217,954 | Am J Infect Control | 6 |
| Paul | The United States | 2012 | Randomized controlled trial | 1,154 | Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med | 7 |
| Pérez-Martinez | Spain | 2019 | Quasi experimental retrospective cohort | 2,621 | Midwifery | 5 |
| Polachek et al24 | Canada | 2016 | Retrospective population-based cohort | 1,071 | General Hospital Psychiatry | 8 |
| Rochon-Terry | Canada | 2016 | Population-based retrospective cohort | 1,433 | J Clin Psychiatry | 6 |
| Robison | The United States | 2017 | Retrospective cohort | 9,766 | Obstet Gynecol | 5 |
| Sharara | Qatar | 2012 | Retrospective case review | 224,809 | Qatar Medical Journal | 6 |
| Shlomi Polachek | Canada | 2018 | Population-based retrospective cohort | 1,702 | Psychiatry Research | 6 |
| Shlomi Polachek et al25 | Canada | 2017 | Population-based retrospective cohort | 1,702 | Archives of Women’s Mental Health | 7 |
| Sparrow-Downes et al82 | Canada | 2019 | Retrospective population-based cohort | 861,365 | AIDS Care | 8 |
| Spicer et al81 | Canada | 2008 | Observational longitudinal | 152 | Advances in Neonatal Care | 3 |
| Vigod | Canada | 2016 | Population-based retrospective cohort | 450,622 | The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry | 8 |
| Vigod et al83 | Canada | 2017 | Population-based retrospective cohort | 123,231 | Archives of Women’s Mental Health | 6 |
| Vikström et al12 | Sweden | 2018 | Retrospective cross-sectional | 28,963 | Journal of Clinical Nursing | 6 |
| Wang and Wang15 | China | 2018 | Retrospective observational | 262 | Medicine (Baltimore) | 6 |
| Watt et al42 | Canada | 2005 | Retrospective cohort | 6250 | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | 4 |
| Xu | Australia | 2017 | Retrospective cohort | 154,328 | BMC Emerg Med | 6 |
| Yancey et al11 | The United States | 2011 | Retrospective case series | 22 | J Emerg Med | 5 |
| Yokoe et al20 | The United States | 2001 | Retrospective cross-sectional | 2,746 | Emerging Infectious Diseases | 6 |
Abbreviation: NR, not reported.
a
Excluding case reports with ≤3 patients.