Table 1.
Child COVID-19 vaccination coverage (≥1 dose) by educational setting and parental sociodemographic characteristics, United States, Household Pulse Survey, December 9, 2022 – February 13, 2023
| Overall (n=10,416) | In-person instructiona (n=9,099) | aPR (95%CI) | Virtual Instructionb (n=145) | aPR (95%CI) | Homeschool c (n=509) | aPR (95%CI) | Other/none (n=663) | aPR (95%CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | |||||
| Overall | 51.6 (49.6, 53.6) | 53.7 (51.5, 56.0)* | 39.6 (28.0, 51.1) | 32.5 (26.6, 38.4) | 44.5 (37.3, 51.7)* | ||||
| Age Groups (in years) | |||||||||
| 18-29 | 39.7 (31.6, 47.8) | 37.2 (28.8, 45.6)* | 1.00 | d | 1.00 | 71.9 (42.4, 100.0) | 1.00 | d | 1.00 |
| 30-39 | 42.1 (38.9, 45.2) | 44.7 (41.6, 47.9)* | 1.00 (0.82, 1.23) | d | 0.51 (0.16, 1.65) | 15.6 (7.6, 23.7) | 1.15 (0.29, 4.54) | 37.6 (27.0, 48.3)* | 0.63 (0.33, 1.22) |
| 40-49 | 62.8 (59.7, 65.9) | 65.0 (61.8, 68.1)* | 1.22 (1.01, 1.48) | 46.1 (26.9, 65.4) | 0.82 (0.31, 2.20) | 46.1 (35.5, 56.6) | 2.06 (0.55, 7.74) | 50.2 (37.2, 63.2) | 0.66 (0.30, 1.44) |
| ≥50 | 52.9 (48.2, 57.6) | 55.5 (50.2, 60.8)* | 1.12 (0.93, 1.36) | 44.3 (22.4, 66.3) | 1.22 (0.49, 3.04) | 33.2 (20.3, 46.1) | 1.85 (0.48, 7.18) | 44.2 (32.8, 55.6) | 0.69 (0.34, 1.40) |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 55.1 (51.8, 58.4) | 57.3 (53.6, 61.0)* | 1.00 | 41.4 (22.8, 59.9) | 1.00 | 32.0 (21.8, 42.2) | 1.00 | 50.7 (37.7, 63.8)* | 1.00 |
| Female | 48.7 (46.2, 51.3) | 50.7 (48.0, 53.4)* | 0.93 (0.87, 0.99) | 38.2 (23.0, 53.4) | 1.39 (0.89, 2.17) | 33.0 (24.8, 41.3) | 1.31 (0.93, 1.84) | 39.8 (30.9, 48.7) | 0.82 (0.57, 1.19) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| NH white | 49.1 (46.9, 51.3) | 51.3 (48.9, 53.6)* | 1.00 | 32.0 (16.1, 47.9) | 1.00 | 32.2 (23.8, 40.7) | 1.00 | 37.7 (26.9, 48.5) | 1.00 |
| NH black | 47.8 (41.4, 54.2) | 49.8 (42.3, 57.4)* | 1.06 (0.94, 1.19) | 51.3 (21.2, 81.4) | 1.75 (0.85, 3.58) | 21.3 (10.1, 32.5) | 0.92 (0.59, 1.46) | 47.4 (29.6, 65.2)* | 1.76 (1.12, 2.77) |
| Hispanic | 52.3 (46.9, 57.7) | 53.9 (47.9, 59.9) | 1.14 (1.00, 1.31) | d | 0.84 (0.35, 2.01) | 35.6 (16.9, 54.3) | 1.60 (1.09, 2.34) | 50.7 (31.4, 70.1) | 1.44 (0.87, 2.361 |
| NH other/multiple races | 66.8 (61.9, 71.8) | 70.1 (64.5, 75.7)* | 1.14 (1.05, 1.24) | 57.0 (34.3, 79.7) | 2.14 (1.17, 3.93) | 44.0 (22.1, 66.0) | 1.10 (0.71, 1.70) | 50.6 (37.6, 63.7) | 0.25 (0.88, 1.78) |
| Educational Status | |||||||||
| High school or less | 41.0 (36.3, 45.6) | 42.4 (36.6, 48.3) | 1.00 | d | 1.00 | 28.0 (11.9, 44.1) | 1.00 | 38.7 (25.8, 51.6) | 1.00 |
| Some college or Associate’s degree | 43.4 (40.4, 46.3) | 44.7 (41.5, 47.8)* | 0.97 (0.84, 1.12) | 39.7 (22.9, 56.6) | 1.40 (0.62, 3.17) | 29.7 (22.1, 37.2) | 0.82 (0.48, 1.41) | 41.2 (29.8, 52.7) | 0.90 (0.55, 1.48) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 66.4 (63.6, 69.1) | 68.2 (65.6, 70.9)* | 1.21 (1.05, 1.39) | 58.9 (38.5, 79.3) | 2.01 (0.82, 4.93) | 41.6 (28.1, 55.0) | 0.72 (0.39, 1.32) | 59.8 (48.3, 71.4) | 1.35 (0.89, 2.05) |
| Above college graduate | 72.9 (70.5, 75.4) | 74.9 (72.3, 77.6)* | 1.23 (1.06, 1.42) | 61.6 (34.4, 88.7) | 1.35 (0.62, 2.93) | 41.3 (28.8, 53.8) | 0.86 (0.49, 1.51) | 64.3 (54.4, 74.1)* | 1.45 (0.93, 2.26) |
| Annual Household Income | |||||||||
| <$35,000 | 40.6 (35.7, 45.4) | 41.7 (36.1, 47.2)* | 1.00 | d | 1.00 | 23.2 (12.9, 33.5) | 1.00 | 40.9 (27.9, 54.0)* | 1.00 |
| $35,000-$49,999 | 40.8 (34.2, 47.4) | 41.6 (34.1, 49.2) | 0.97 (0.80, 1.19) | d | 1.12 (0.51, 2.49) | d | 1.77 (0.89, 3.53) | 39.8 (21.2, 58.3) | 1.11 (0.65, 1.88) |
| $50,000-$74,999 | 41.9 (37.5, 46.3) | 43.4 (38.5, 48.3) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.08) | d | 0.64(0.20, 2.02) | 41.6 (22.1, 61.1) | 1.30 (0.75, 2.26) | 29.0 (15.1, 42.9) | 0.75 (0.42, 1.32) |
| ≥$75,000 | 61.6 (59.0, 64.3) | 63.1 (60.3, 65.9)* | 1.15 (1.01, 1.31) | d | 1.01(0.40, 2.52) | 34.9 (24.1, 45.7) | 1.33 (0.77, 2.32) | 58.2 (45.1, 71.4)* | 1.47 (0.90, 2.42) |
| Did not report | 44.9 (36.2, 53.5) | 61.4 (46.8, 76.1)* | 1.25 (1.00, 1.55) | d | 1.71(0.68, 4.29) | 31.9 (19.6, 44.3) | 1.48 (0.83, 2.65) | 42.3 (25.7, 58.9) | 0.50 (0.13, 1.96) |
| Insurance status | |||||||||
| Insured | 52.7 (50.7, 54.7) | 54.5 (52.3, 56.6)* | 1.00 | 37.9 (25.2, 50.6) | 1.00 | 36.7 (29.7, 43.7) | 1.00 | 42.9 (35.0, 50.9) | 1.00 |
| Not insured | 44.3 (35.7, 52.9) | 45.5 (35.5, 55.5)* | 1.14 (0.96, 1.34) | 57.0 (24.5, 89.4)* | 1.58 (0.71, 3.51) | d | 0.22 (0.06, 0.77) | 57.5 (37.7, 77.2)* | 1.57 (0.92, 2.69) |
| Respondent COVID-19 vaccination status | |||||||||
| Yes | 62.4 (60.1, 64.7) | 64.1 (61.6, 66.7)* | 1.00 | 48.1 (34.9, 61.4) | 1.00 | 53.3 (45.0, 61.6) | 1.00 | 51.1 (42.4, 59.7) | 1.00 |
| No | 8.6 (3.9, 13.3) | 8.1 (3.7, 12.5)* | 0.14 (0.08, 0.26) | d | 0.20 (0.04, 0.97) | d | 0.03 (<0.01, 0.19) | d | 0.44 (0.12, 1.61) |
| Respondent COVID-19 status | |||||||||
| Yes | 54.0 (51.3, 56.7) | 51.8 (48.9, 54.8)* | 0.86 (0.80, 0.93) | 59.6 (44.5, 74.7)* | 2.14 (1.42, 3.23) | 30.4 (22.9, 38.0) | 0.69 (0.52, 0.93) | 46.9 (37.0, 56.9)* | 0.91 (0.68, 1.20) |
| No | 50.5 (48.0, 52.9) | 56.8 (53.9, 59.7)* | 1.00 | 24.0 (11.8, 36.3) | 1.00 | 38.4 (28.8, 48.1) | 1.00 | 43.8 (31.9, 55.6) | 1.00 |
| Region | |||||||||
| Northeast | 62.3 (57.2, 67.4) | 63.9 (58.3, 69.6)* | 1.00 | 68.9 (44.6, 93.1)* | 1.00 | 40.0 (21.7, 58.3) | 1.00 | 43.8 (25.8, 61.9) | 1.00 |
| Midwest | 47.1 (43.8, 50.5) | 49.8 (46.2, 53.5)* | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99) | d | 0.76 (0.35, 1.69) | 34.0 (21.1, 46.9) | 0.64 (0.39, 1.06) | 33.4 (21.6, 45.2) | 1.10 (0.66, 1.82)) |
| West | 59.7 (56.0, 63.4) | 61.0 (57.1, 65.0)* | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | 47.3 (26.7, 67.8) | 1.11 (0.56, 2.21) | 42.7 (30.0, 55.4) | 0.82 (0.53, 1.27) | 59.5 (48.0, 71.1)* | 1.55 (0.98, 2.43 |
| South | 44.9 (41.9, 47.9) | 47.0 (43.6, 50.4)* | 0.82 (0.76, 0.90) | d | 0.67 (0.28, 1.58) | 25.7 (16.7, 34.6) | 0.80 (0.54, 1.18) | 40.4 (27.3, 53.5)* | 1.19 (0.71, 2.00) |
Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval
Note: All percentages are weighted.
p<0.05 in a t-test comparing the proportion of vaccinated children for a given educational setting (e.g., in-person instruction) with a given demographic level (e.g., 18-29 years) to the proportion of vaccinated children who were homeschooled with that given demographic level.
In-person instruction was defined as anyone who has received in-person instruction from a teacher at their school in the last 7 days
Virtual instruction was defined as anyone who did not receive in-person instruction and received virtual/online instruction from a teacher in real time, learned on their own using on-line materials provided by their school, or learned on their own using paper materials provided by their school in the last 7 days
Homeschool was defined as anyone who did not receive in-person or virtual instruction and learned on their own using materials that were not provided by their school in the last 7 days
Estimates were suppressed due to RSE > 30%