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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Public Health. 2024 Mar 1;229:126–134. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.01.029

Table 4.

Reasons for not vaccinating children and adolescents, by educational setting, United States, Household Pulse Survey, December 9, 2022 – February 13, 2023

Overall In person instruction a Virtual instruction b Homeschool c Other/none

n (%) % (95%CI) % (95%CI) % (95%CI) % (95%CI)
Reasons for not vaccinating children 5-11 years
Concern about possible side effects of a COVID-19 vaccine for children 2,137 (55.5) 56.7 (52.8, 60.5) 60.1 (41.9, 78.3) 51.6 (42.7, 60.5) 46.4 (35.4, 57.4)
Plan to wait and see if it is safe and may get it later 842 (23.7) 23.7 (20.8, 26.5) 26.4 (11.3, 41.5) 19.4 (11.1, 27.6) 26.7 (16.1, 37.2)
Not sure if a COVID-19 vaccine will work for children 277 (8.8) 8.6 (6.6, 10.5) d 13.5 (6.4, 20.6) d
Don’t believe children need a COVID-19 vaccine 1,138 (29.0) 29.4 (26.7, 32.1) d 33.1 (25.8, 40.5) 23.9 (15.7, 32.2)
The children in this household are not members of a high-risk group 1,240 (30.6) 32.4 (29.4, 35.4) d 27.6 (19.1, 36.0) 15.2 (10.9, 19.4)*
The children’s doctor has not recommended it 489 (14.2) 14.2 (11.3, 17.1) d 16.5 (8.9, 24.1) 11.9 (5.5, 18.2)
Parents or guardians in this household do not vaccinate their children 140 (4.2) 3.3 (2.3, 4.2) d d d
Don’t trust COVID-19 vaccines 1,301 (36.0) 35.5 (32.6, 38.5)* 39.0 (21.9, 56.1) 45.0 (37.1, 52.9) 32.7 (22.7, 42.8)
Don’t trust the government 948 (27.4) 26.2 (23.1, 29.4)* d 39.2 (29.8, 48.6) 27.7 (18.9, 36.5)
Other 403 (9.6) 9.5 (7.7, 11.3) d 14.7 (8.2, 21.1) 7.8 (3.6, 12.0)
Reasons for not vaccinating adolescents 12-17 years
Concern about possible side effects of a COVID-19 vaccine for children 1797 (51.9) 52.5 (48.6, 56.3) 56.8 (40.2, 73.4) 45.4 (35.4, 55.5) 52.4 (41.5, 63.3)
Plan to wait and see if it is safe and may get it later 456 (15.2) 15.3 (12.8, 17.9) d 14.2 (7.2, 21.2) d
Not sure if a COVID-19 vaccine will work for children 208 (5.1) 5.4 (4.1, 6.7) d d d
Don’t believe children need a COVID-19 vaccine 1026 (28.0) 30.1 (26.5, 33.7) 18.9 (8.4, 29.4) 26.7 (19.8, 33.5) 18.4 (10.3, 26.5)
The children in this household are not members of a high-risk group 1142 (29.4) 29.4 (26.6, 32.2) 35.1 (20.2, 49.9) 28.4 (20.6, 36.2) 28.2 (15.0, 41.3)
The children’s doctor has not recommended it 321 (10.8) 11.3 (8.6, 13.9) 14.8 (2.6, 27.0) 7.1 (2.6, 11.7) 9.7 (3.6, 15.8)
Parents or guardians in this household do not vaccinate their children” 173 (6.9) 7.1 (4.7, 9.5) d 9.2 (3.6, 14.8) 4.1 (0.8, 7.3)
Don’t trust COVID-19 vaccines 1572 (46.6) 46.6 (42.6, 50.6) 57.2 (40.6, 73.8) 50.9 (40.2, 61.6) 38.7 (24.8, 52.6)
Don’t trust the government 1060 (32.1) 30.7 (27.2, 34.1) 44.0 (28.4, 59.6) 32.7 (22.8, 42.5) 36.0 (22.0, 50.1)
Other 418 (11.1) 10.8 (8.9, 12.7) d 10.5 (5.8, 15.2) 12.3 (7.3, 17.3)

Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval

Note: All percentages are weighted.

*

p<0.05 in a t-test comparing each reason for not vaccinating children or adolescents for a given educational setting (e.g., in-person instruction) compared to children or adolescents who were homeschooled.

a

In-person instruction was defined as anyone who received in-person instruction from a teacher at their school in the last 7 days

b

Virtual instruction was defined as anyone who did not receive in-person instruction and received virtual/online instruction from a teacher in real time, learned on their own using on-line materials provided by their school, or learned on their own using paper materials provided by their school in the last 7 days

c

Homeschool was defined as anyone who did not receive in-person or virtual instruction and learned on their own using materials that were not provided by their school in the last 7 days

d

Estimates were suppressed due to RSE > 30%