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. 2024 Mar 24;14(3):e11103. doi: 10.1002/ece3.11103

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© 2024 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Molecular markers for transmission intensity. From the studied countries, the number of Plasmodium vivax cases (a) has been highest in Brazil in all years (2010–2021), data extracted from the World Malaria report 2022 (World Health Organization, 2022b). (b) Violin plot of nucleotide diversity (pi) measured across the genome in 5000 bp windows. (c) Violin plot of within‐host infection complexity assessed using within sample F statistic (F _WS). F _WS ≥ 0.95 was considered a proxy for a monoclonal infection.