Table 2.
Relationship between PP and incident pre-diabetes in different models
| Variable | Non-adjusted model (HR, 95% CI, p value) | Minimally adjusted model (HR, 95% CI, p value) | Fully adjusted model (HR, 95% CI, p value) | GAM (HR, 95% CI, p value) |
| Total PP |
1.025 (1.023 to 1.026), <0.001 | 1.013 (1.011 to 1.014), <0.001 | 1.009 (1.007 to 1.010), <0.001 | 1.008 (1.007 to 1.010), <0.001 |
| PP (quartile) | ||||
| Q1 | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Q2 | 1.125 (1.077 to 1.176), <0.001 | 1.070 (1.024 to 1.118), 0.003 | 1.043 (0.998 to 1.090), 0.061 | 1.046 (1.001 to 1.093), 0.045 |
| Q3 | 1.347 (1.290 to 1.407), <0.001 | 1.208 (1.156 to 1.262), <0.001 | 1.131 (1.083 to 1.181), <0.001 | 1.129 (1.080 to 1.179), <0.001 |
| Q4 | 1.860 (1.787 to 1.935), <0.001 | 1.408 (1.352 to 1.467), <0.001 | 1.246 (1.197 to 1.298), <0.001 | 1.238 (1.188 to 1.291), <0.001 |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | ref | ref | ||
| Female | 0.777 (0.751 to 0.803), <0.001 | 0.877 (0.843 to 0.913), <0.001 | ||
| Age(years) | 1.027 (1.026 to 1.028), <0.001 | 1.022 (1.021 to 1.023), <0.001 | ||
| Drinking status | ||||
| Current drinker | ref | ref | ||
| Ex-drinker | 0.965 (0.877 to 1.061), 0.457 | 1.013 (0.920 to 1.114), 0.799 | ||
| Never-drinker | 0.911 (0.832 to 0.997), 0.042 | 1.075 (0.981 to 1.178), 0.122 | ||
| Smoking status | ||||
| Current smoker | ref | ref | ||
| Ex-smoker | 1.020 (0.948 to 1.097), 0.596 | 1.021 (0.949 to 1.098), 0.578 | ||
| Never-smoker | 1.055 (1.016 to 1.095), 0.005 | 1.023 (0.985 to 1.062), 0.246 | ||
| Family history of diabetes | ||||
| No | ref | ref | ||
| Yes | 1.157 (1.058 to 1.265), 0.001 | 1.120 (1.024 to 1.225), 0.013 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.091 (1.086 to 1.095), <0.001 | 1.060 (1.055 to 1.065), <0.001 | ||
| AST(U/L) | 0.999 (0.997 to 1.000), 0.150 | |||
| ALT (U/L) | 1.003 (1.002 to 1.004), <0.001 | |||
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.429 (1.353 to 1.509), <0.001 | |||
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.145 (1.129 to 1.161), <0.001 | |||
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.309 (1.248 to 1.373), <0.001 | |||
| TC (mmol/L) | 0.772 (0.741 to 0.803), <0.001 | |||
| BUN (mmol/L) | 0.976 (0.964 to 0.988), <0.001 | |||
| SCr (umol/L) | 1.003 (1.002 to 1.004), <0.001 | |||
| FPG (mmol/L) | 4.613 (4.451 to 4.780), <0.001 | |||
Crude model: we did not adjust for other covariants.
Minimally adjusted model: we adjusted for gender, age, family history of diabetes, drinking status, smoking status and BMI.
Fully adjusted model: we adjusted for gender, age, family history of diabetes, drinking status, smoking status, BMI, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, AST, ALT, SCr, BUN and FPG.
GAM: All covariates listed in table 1 were adjusted. However, continuous covariates were adjusted as non-linearity.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GAM, generalised additive mode; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PP, pulse pressure; Ref, reference; SCr, serum creatinine; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.