TABLE 1.
Demographic, economic, and employment characteristics among hired crop workers in the United States: National Agricultural Workers Survey (NAWS), period I (2002–2004), period II (2008–2010), and period III (2014–2015).
| Data collection years | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Period I: 2002–2004 9,992 Interviews |
Period II: 2008–2010 5,873 Interviews |
Period III: 2014–2015 5,657 Interviews |
|||||||
| Characteristics | Weighted percenta |
95% CIb | Weighted percent |
95% CI | Weighted percent |
95% CI | |||
| Demographic characteristics | |||||||||
| Sex * Age (years) | |||||||||
| Female | 23.5 | 20.7 | 26.3 | 24.3 | 21.2 | 27.4 | 30.2 | 25.3 | 35.2 |
| <25 | 6.0 | 4.9 | 7.2 | 5.0 | 3.8 | 6.2 | 4.9 | 3.4 | 6.5 |
| 25–34 | 7.0 | 5.8 | 8.2 | 5.9 | 4.8 | 7.0 | 8.2 | 5.9 | 10.4 |
| 35–44 | 5.6 | 4.5 | 6.7 | 6.2 | 4.5 | 7.9 | 8.4 | 6.8 | 10.0 |
| 45+ | 4.9 | 4.0 | 5.7 | 7.2 | 5.3 | 9.0 | 8.7 | 6.0 | 11.5 |
| Male | 76.5 | 73.4 | 79.3 | 75.7 | 72.6 | 78.8 | 69.8 | 64.8 | 74.7 |
| <25 | 23.4 | 21.5 | 25.4 | 18.0 | 15.3 | 20.7 | 14.4 | 11.8 | 17.0 |
| 25–34 | 20.3 | 18.6 | 22.0 | 18.8 | 16.4 | 21.3 | 17.8 | 15.9 | 19.8 |
| 35–44 | 17.4 | 15.9 | 18.9 | 16.8 | 15.1 | 18.6 | 14.7 | 12.6 | 16.7 |
| 45+ | 15.3 | 13.9 | 16.7 | 22.1 | 19.4 | 24.8 | 22.8 | 19.8 | 25.8 |
| Detailed age group (years) | |||||||||
| 14–17 | 3.5 | 2.7 | 4.3 | 2.3 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 3.3 |
| 18–24 | 26.0 | 23.9 | 28.0 | 20.7 | 17.7 | 23.8 | 17.1 | 14.3 | 19.8 |
| 25–34 | 27.3 | 25.4 | 29.2 | 24.7 | 22.0 | 27.4 | 26.0 | 23.6 | 28.3 |
| 35–44 | 23.0 | 21.5 | 24.5 | 23.0 | 20.3 | 25.7 | 23.1 | 21.0 | 25.2 |
| 45–54 | 12.7 | 11.6 | 13.9 | 18.7 | 16.3 | 21.1 | 18.0 | 15.7 | 20.3 |
| 55+ | 7.5 | 6.5 | 8.4 | 10.6 | 8.9 | 12.3 | 13.5 | 11.4 | 15.7 |
| Foreign-born | |||||||||
| Yes | 75.6 | 72.5 | 78.6 | 74.5 | 69.9 | 79.0 | 73.7 | 69.7 | 77.7 |
| Mexico | 72.0 | 68.7 | 75.3 | 69.1 | 64.4 | 73.8 | 68.4 | 64.5 | 72.4 |
| No | 24.4 | 21.4 | 27.4 | 25.5 | 21.0 | 30.1 | 26.3 | 22.3 | 30.3 |
| Hispanic | |||||||||
| Yes | 82.5 | 79.7 | 85.2 | 79.3 | 75.4 | 83.3 | 81.8 | 77.9 | 85.6 |
| No | 17.5 | 14.8 | 20.3 | 20.7 | 16.7 | 24.6 | 18.2 | 14.4 | 22.1 |
| English-speaking ability | |||||||||
| Not at all | 40.1 | 37.3 | 43.0 | 32.7 | 28.6 | 36.8 | 28.5 | 24.6 | 32.4 |
| A little, Somewhat | 33.9 | 31.9 | 36.0 | 38.3 | 35.0 | 41.6 | 39.8 | 36.8 | 42.8 |
| Well | 25.9 | 23.1 | 28.7 | 29.0 | 24.2 | 33.7 | 31.7 | 27.5 | 36.0 |
| Documentation status | |||||||||
| Undocumented | 49.1 | 45.9 | 52.4 | 50.0 | 44.8 | 55.3 | 48.4 | 44.4 | 52.5 |
| Documented | 23.9 | 21.4 | 26.4 | 20.2 | 17.4 | 23.0 | 21.0 | 17.9 | 24.1 |
| Citizen | 27.0 | 24.0 | 30.0 | 29.8 | 25.3 | 34.3 | 30.6 | 26.2 | 34.9 |
| Marital status * Spouse farmworker | |||||||||
| Not married | 41.5 | 39.5 | 43.5 | 39.3 | 35.7 | 43.0 | 42.1 | 38.5 | 45.7 |
| Married | 58.5 | 56.5 | 60.5 | 60.7 | 57.0 | 64.3 | 57.9 | 54.3 | 61.5 |
| Spouse is a farm worker | 17.0 | 14.8 | 19.2 | 19.0 | 14.0 | 24.1 | 18.7 | 15.8 | 21.6 |
| Spouse is NOT a farm worker | 41.5 | 39.2 | 43.8 | 41.6 | 37.6 | 45.6 | 39.2 | 35.8 | 42.6 |
| Youth <18 years old living in household | |||||||||
| Yes | 34.7 | 32.2 | 37.2 | 40.1 | 36.0 | 44.3 | 44.3 | 40.9 | 47.6 |
| No | 65.3 | 62.8 | 67.8 | 59.9 | 55.7 | 64.0 | 55.7 | 52.4 | 59.1 |
| Health condition | |||||||||
| No | 82.7 | 80.9 | 84.5 | 81.1 | 78.7 | 83.5 | 77.0 | 73.9 | 80.2 |
| Yes | 17.3 | 15.5 | 19.1 | 18.9 | 16.5 | 21.3 | 23.0 | 19.8 | 26.1 |
| Economic characteristics | |||||||||
| Family income below poverty level | |||||||||
| Yes | 22.0 | 20.0 | 24.1 | 20.1 | 17.5 | 22.7 | 31.8 | 27.6 | 35.9 |
| No | 55.1 | 52.2 | 58.1 | 66.1 | 62.7 | 69.4 | 67.6 | 63.5 | 71.7 |
| Unknown/missing | 22.8 | 20.6 | 25.1 | 13.9 | 11.5 | 16.3 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1.1 |
| Receive any type of public aid | |||||||||
| Yes | 25.5 | 23.2 | 27.8 | 36.1 | 31.8 | 40.4 | 51.9 | 48.1 | 55.7 |
| No | 74.5 | 72.2 | 76.8 | 63.9 | 59.6 | 68.2 | 48.1 | 44.3 | 51.9 |
| Own dwelling in U.S. | |||||||||
| Yes | 21.8 | 19.7 | 23.9 | 26.5 | 22.5 | 30.5 | 21.2 | 18.3 | 24.0 |
| No | 78.2 | 76.1 | 80.3 | 73.5 | 69.5 | 77.5 | 78.8 | 76.0 | 81.7 |
| Employment characteristics | |||||||||
| Years of farm work in U.S. | |||||||||
| < 24 months | 24.0 | 21.7 | 26.2 | 15.9 | 12.7 | 19.2 | 13.6 | 11.2 | 16.1 |
| 2-5 years | 19.5 | 18.0 | 21.1 | 15.8 | 13.8 | 17.9 | 15.1 | 12.5 | 17.8 |
| 6-10 years | 15.3 | 13.9 | 16.7 | 20.1 | 17.3 | 23.0 | 18.7 | 15.9 | 21.5 |
| 11-20 years | 21.6 | 20.1 | 23.1 | 21.0 | 18.5 | 23.5 | 24.9 | 22.5 | 27.3 |
| 21+ years | 19.5 | 17.7 | 21.4 | 27.3 | 24.0 | 30.3 | 27.6 | 24.5 | 30.8 |
| Migrant type | |||||||||
| Migrant | 35.8 | 32.3 | 39.4 | 26.4 | 21.9 | 30.9 | 19.1 | 15.5 | 22.7 |
| Nonmigrant/settled | 64.2 | 60.6 | 67.7 | 73.6 | 69.1 | 78.1 | 80.9 | 77.3 | 84.5 |
| Type of hire | |||||||||
| Contract laborer | 18.7 | 15.2 | 22.1 | 13.4 | 9.2 | 17.6 | 17.8 | 12.6 | 23.0 |
| Grower direct hire/other | 81.3 | 77.9 | 84.8 | 86.6 | 82.4 | 90.8 | 82.2 | 77.0 | 87.4 |
| Wage type | |||||||||
| Piece rate | 13.5 | 10.8 | 16.1 | 10.9 | 7.1 | 14.8 | 10.1 | 5.9 | 14.2 |
| Hourly/salary/combination/other | 86.5 | 83.9 | 89.2 | 89.1 | 85.2 | 92.9 | 89.9 | 85.8 | 94.1 |
| Pesticides- loaded, mixed, or applied | |||||||||
| No | 88.6 | 87.0 | 90.0 | 84.0 | 81.4 | 86.5 | 82.6 | 79.5 | 85.6 |
| Yes | 11.4 | 9.9 | 13.0 | 16.0 | 13.5 | 18.6 | 17.4 | 14.2 | 20.5 |
| Employer pays for all equipment | |||||||||
| Yes | 88.3 | 85.7 | 90.9 | 88.8 | 82.8 | 94.8 | 91.4 | 88.7 | 94.2 |
| No | 11.7 | 9.1 | 14.3 | 11.2 | 5.2 | 17.2 | 8.6 | 5.8 | 11.3 |
| Worker's compensation coverage | |||||||||
| Yes | 52.1 | 48.5 | 55.7 | 65.8 | 60.9 | 70.7 | 55.6 | 50.8 | 60.3 |
| No | 17.8 | 15.3 | 20.3 | 15.3 | 11.8 | 18.9 | 19.2 | 15.0 | 23.4 |
| Don't know/missing | 30.1 | 27.4 | 32.8 | 18.9 | 15.2 | 22.6 | 25.2 | 21.4 | 29.1 |
| Employer provides health insurance | |||||||||
| Yes | 71.0 | 67.9 | 74.2 | 74.8 | 71.1 | 78.6 | 72.7 | 68.6 | 76.8 |
| No | 10.0 | 7.8 | 12.2 | 10.0 | 7.4 | 12.6 | 11.9 | 8.3 | 15.4 |
| Don't know/missing | 19.0 | 16.7 | 21.1 | 15.2 | 11.5 | 18.7 | 15.5 | 12.9 | 18.0 |
| Employer provides clean drinking water and disposable cups every day | |||||||||
| Yes | 81.1 | 77.8 | 84.4 | 92.2 | 90.1 | 94.2 | 86.3 | 83.1 | 89.4 |
| No | 18.9 | 15.6 | 22.2 | 7.8 | 5.8 | 9.9 | 13.7 | 10.6 | 16.9 |
| Employer provides a toilet | |||||||||
| Yes | 95.4 | 94.0 | 96.7 | 97.8 | 97.0 | 98.6 | 97.2 | 96.1 | 98.3 |
| No | 4.6 | 3.3 | 6.0 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 3.9 |
| Employer provides handwash water | |||||||||
| Yes | 94.7 | 93.3 | 96.1 | 98.1 | 97.3 | 99.0 | 97.2 | 96.2 | 98.2 |
| No | 5.3 | 3.9 | 6.7 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 1.8 | 3.8 |
a
Weighted percent; National level multi-year weight to account for increases in sampling variance caused by pooling data across multiple years.
b
CI: confidence interval.