TABLE 2.
Bivariate adjusted odds ratiosa for injury: National Agricultural Workers Survey (NAWS).
| Period I (2002–2004), period II (2008–2010), and period III (201–2015) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Data collection years | |||||||||
| Period I: 2002–2004 241 Injury cases |
Period II: 2008–2010 141 Injury cases |
Period III: 2014–2015 124 Injury cases |
|||||||
| Item | Injury Percent |
Adj ORa |
Wald p valueb Wald 95% CI |
Injury Percent |
Adj ORa |
Wald p valueb Wald 95% CI |
Injury Percent |
Adj ORa |
Wald p valueb Wald 95% CI |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Female | 14.7 | 1.0 | p = 0.0995 | 15.4 | 1.0 | p = 0.1401 | 20.2 | 1.0 | p = 0.3844 |
| Male | 85.3 | 1.5 | 0.9–2.4 | 84.6 | 1.6 | 0.9–3.0 | 79.8 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.5 |
| Age group (years) | |||||||||
| <25 | 30.5 | 1.0 | p = 0.5101 | 10.3 | 1.0 | p = 0.2619 | 21.8 | – | – |
| 25-34 | 26.5 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.3 | 26.3 | 1.8 | 0.7–4.3 | 25.4 | – | – |
| 35-44 | 24.0 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.3 | 29.0 | 2.1 | 1.0–4.4 | 16.8 | – | – |
| 45+ | 19.0 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.1 | 34.4 | 1.9 | 0.9–4.0 | 36.0 | – | – |
| Foreign-born | |||||||||
| Yes | 65.9 | 1.0 | p = 0.0194 | 67.8 | 1.0 | p = 0.2259 | 69.1 | 1.0 | p = 0.1619 |
| No | 34.1 | 1.7 | 1.1–2.5 | 32.2 | 1.5 | 0.8–2.9 | 30.9 | 1.6 | 0.8–3.1 |
| Hispanic | |||||||||
| Yes | 78.8 | 1.0 | p = 0.4988 | 74.7 | – | – | 81.3 | 1.0 | p = 0.6438 |
| No | 21.2 | 1.2 | 0.8–1.8 | 25.3 | – | – | 18.7 | 1.2 | 0.6–2.4 |
| English-speaking ability | |||||||||
| Not at all | 17.4 | 1.0 | p < 0.0001 | 23.9 | 1.0 | p = 0.4542 | 16.6 | 1.0 | p = 0.0179 |
| A little (or) Somewhat | 50.8 | 2.8 | 1.7–4.6 | 42.1 | 1.4 | 0.7–2.8 | 43.8 | 1.7 | 1.0–2.9 |
| Well | 31.8 | 2.7 | 1.6–4.4 | 34.0 | 1.7 | 0.7–4.0 | 39.6 | 2.6 | 1.3–5.1 |
| Documentation status | |||||||||
| Undocumented | 40.7 | 1.0 | p = 0.0869 | 33.0 | 1.0 | p = 0.0545 | 46.5 | 1.0 | p = 0.3728 |
| Documented | 21.9 | 1.0 | 0.5–1.8 | 25.7 | 1.8 | 0.8–3.9 | 17.4 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.8 |
| Citizen | 37.4 | 1.6 | 1.0–2.5 | 41.3 | 2.1 | 1.1–3.8 | 36.1 | 1.5 | 0.8–3.0 |
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Not married | 41.1 | 1.0 | p = 0.7159 | 35.6 | 1.0 | p = 0.9600 | 32.0 | 1.0 | p = 0.4670 |
| Married | 58.9 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.4 | 64.4 | 1.0 | 0.6–1.8 | 68.0 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.5 |
| Youth <18 years old living in household | |||||||||
| Yes | 37.4 | 1.0 | p = 0.8577 | 37.1 | 1.0 | p = 0.4020 | 32.8 | 1.0 | p = 0.0333 |
| No | 62.6 | 1.0 | 0.7–1.6 | 62.9 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.1 | 67.2 | 1.8 | 1.1–3.0 |
| Health condition | |||||||||
| No | 75.9 | 1.0 | p = 0.1481 | 75.2 | 1.0 | p = 0.3192 | 45.6 | 1.0 | p < 0.0001 |
| Yes | 24.1 | 1.5 | 0.9–2.4 | 24.8 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.4 | 54.4 | 4.4 | 2.6–7.5 |
| Receive any type of public aid | |||||||||
| Yes | 33.6 | 1.0 | p = 0.1359 | 32.0 | 1.0 | p = 0.5517 | 43.2 | 1.0 | p = 0.2521 |
| No | 66.4 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.1 | 68.0 | 1.2 | 0.7–2.1 | 56.8 | 1.4 | 0.8–2.4 |
| Own dwelling in U.S. | |||||||||
| Yes | 26.7 | 1.0 | p = 0.7004 | 45.3 | 1.0 | p = 0.0199 | 15.2 | 1.0 | p = 0.1426 |
| No | 73.3 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.5 | 54.7 | 0.5 | 0.3–0.9 | 84.8 | 1.7 | 0.8–3.6 |
| Years of farm work in U.S. | |||||||||
| ≤5 years | 37.9 | 1.0 | p = 0.8576 | 18.4 | – | – | 28.5 | 1.0 | p = 0.2636 |
| 6–20 years | 39.0 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.4 | 40.6 | – | – | 44.7 | 0.6 | 0.3–1.2 |
| 21+ years | 23.1 | 0.9 | 0.6–.6 | 41.0 | – | – | 26.8 | 0.6 | 0.3–1.2 |
| Migrant type | |||||||||
| Migrant | 36.8 | 1.0 | p = 0.0458 | 21.7 | – | – | 13.8 | 1.0 | p = 0.8954 |
| Nonmigrant/settled | 63.2 | 0.6 | 0.4–1.0 | 78.3 | – | – | 86.2 | 1.0 | 0.5–2.0 |
| Type of hire | |||||||||
| Contract laborer | 7.6 | 1.0 | p = 0.0006 | 11.7 | – | – | 18.9 | – | – |
| Grower direct hire/other | 92.4 | 2.7 | 1.5–4.6 | 88.3 | – | – | 81.1 | – | – |
| Wage type | |||||||||
| Piece rate | 7.3 | 1.0 | p = 0.0544 | 11.0 | – | – | 5.8 | – | – |
| Hourly/salary/combination/other | 92.7 | 2.0 | 1.0–4.0 | 89.0 | – | – | 94.2 | – | – |
| Pesticides- loaded, mixed, or applied | |||||||||
| No | 78.4 | 1.0 | p = 0.0791 | 65.3 | 1.0 | p = 0.0168 | 69.8 | 1.0 | p = 0.1228 |
| Yes | 21.6 | 1.5 | 1.0–2.3 | 34.7 | 2.1 | 1.1–4.0 | 30.2 | 1.7 | 0.9–3.3 |
| Employer pays for all equipment | |||||||||
| Yes | 84.7 | 1.0 | p = 0.1693 | 93.3 | 1.0 | p = 0.2787 | 86.7 | 1.0 | p = 0.2223 |
| No | 15.3 | 1.4 | 0.9–2.3 | 6.7 | 0.7 | 0.3–1.4 | 13.3 | 1.5 | 0.8–2.8 |
| Employer provides clean drinking water and disposable cups every day | |||||||||
| Yes | 64.4 | 1.0 | p = 0.0002 | 84.5 | 1.0 | p = 0.0071 | 73.2 | 1.0 | p = 0.0072 |
| No | 35.6 | 2.5 | 1.6–4.0 | 15.5 | 2.1 | 1.2–3.6 | 26.8 | 2.5 | 1.3–4.8 |
| Employer provides a toilet | |||||||||
| Yes | 93.7 | 1.0 | p = 0.1682 | 97.5 | – | – | 91.1 | – | – |
| No | 6.3 | 1.6 | 0.8–2.9 | 2.5 | – | – | 8.9 | – | – |
| Employer provides handwash water | |||||||||
| Yes | 94.5 | 1.0 | p = 0.4528 | 99.4 | – | – | 94.6 | 1.0 | p = 0.0820 |
| No | 5.5 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.3 | 0.6 | – | – | 5.4 | 2.0 | 0.9–4.2 |
Note: – Estimates are nonreportable due to a coefficient of variation >36%.
a
Adjusted odds ratios where injury = 1 divided by weeks of farm work the previous year to incorporate an occupational exposure adjustment.
b
p Value: Wald's chi-square test.