Fig. 1.

Cell and gene therapy manufacturing processes. Black boxes represent the flow diagram for MSC-based cell therapy. Gray boxes denote the flow diagram for CAR-T cell-based gene therapy. The process flows for LV- and AAV-based gene therapies are indicated in white boxes with solid lines. Plasmid production and purification are indicated in white boxes with dashed lines.

Abbreviations: MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; CAR-T, chimeric antigen receptor T; LV, lentiviral vector; AAV, adeno-associated virus; DF, diafiltration; UF, ultrafiltration.