Table 3. Pathophysiology of HFpEF involved in aging, female, and different comorbidities.

Common comorbidities in HFpEF	Involved pathophysiology
General
Aging	LV diastolic dysfunction
	LV systolic dysfunction
	Chronotropic incompetence
	Systemic vascular dysfunction
	Peripheral tissue abnormality
Female	LV diastolic dysfunction
	Coronary microvascular dysfunction
	Systemic vascular dysfunction
	Pulmonary vascular dysfunction
Cardiovascular
Atrial fibrillation	LV diastolic dysfunction
	LA dysfunction
Hypertension	LV diastolic dysfunction
	LV systolic dysfunction
	LA dysfunction
	Coronary microvascular dysfunction
	Systemic vascular dysfunction
Coronary artery disease	LV diastolic dysfunction
	LV systolic dysfunction
	Coronary microvascular dysfunction
Respiratory
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	LV diastolic dysfunction
	RV dysfunction
Sleep apnea syndrome	Pulmonary vascular dysfunction
Metabolic
Diabetes mellitus	LV diastolic dysfunction
	Coronary microvascular dysfunction
	Chronotropic incompetence
	Systemic vascular dysfunction
	Peripheral tissue abnormality
Obesity	LV diastolic dysfunction
	LV systolic dysfunction
	Coronary microvascular dysfunction
	Systemic vascular dysfunction
	Peripheral tissue abnormality
Nephrogenic
Chronic kidney disease	LV diastolic dysfunction
	Coronary microvascular dysfunction
	Systemic vascular dysfunction

HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; RV, right ventricular.