Table 2.
Sample type and recall period for studies reporting scope of buprenorphine diversion in the united States, in ascending order by scope.
| First author, date | Sample type | Scope (%) | Recall period |
|---|---|---|---|
| DiPaula, 2011 | People receiving MOUD | 0.0 | Current |
| Tofighi et al., 2021 | People receiving MOUD | 0.0 | Current |
| Dart et al., 2014 | General population | 1.4 | Past 3 months |
| Bachhuber et al., 2018 | People receiving MOUD | 1.6 | Current |
| Zhao et al., 2020 | PWUD | 3.6 | Past month |
| Suzuki et al., 2017 | People receiving MOUD | 4.8 | Current |
| Khosla, 2011 | PWUD | 5.8 | Past 6 months |
| Alexander et al., 2020 | General population | 5.9 | Current |
| Walley, 2009 | PWUD | 5.9 | Current |
| Applewhite et al., 2020 | PWUD | 6.8 | Current |
| Butler et al., 2018 | PWUD | 7.7 | Past month |
| Daniulaityte et al., 2012 | PWUD | 7.8 | Lifetime |
| Genberg et al., 2013 | PWUD | 9.0 | Past 3 months |
| Smith et al., 2020a | People with OUD | 18.7 | Past month |
| Fox et al., 2015 | People with OUD | 19.0 | Lifetime |
| Otachi et al., 2020 | PWUD | 20.8 | Past 3 months |
| Smith et al., 2020b | PWUD | 21.8 | Past month |
| Fox et al., 2014b | PWUD | 22.0 | Lifetime |
| Smith et al., 2020b | PWUD | 26.2 | Past 12 months |
| Park et al., 2018 | PWUD | 26.6 | Past 6 months |
| Mitchell et al., 2015 | People with OUD | 28.0 | Current |
| Cicero et al., 2014 | People with OUD | 30.0 | Past month |
| Ling et al., 2019 | People with OUD | 31.6 | Lifetime |
| Butler, 2018 | PWUD | 32.2 | Past month |
| Cicero et al., 2007 | People with OUD | 33.0 | Past month |
| Hood et al., 2020 | People with OUD | 33.0 | Current |
| Cunningham et al., 2013 | People with OUD | 34.5 | Lifetime |
| Alexander et al., 2020 | PWUD | 37.0 | Current |
| Carroll et al., 2018 | PWUD | 38.0 | Past 2 months |
| Manubay et al., 2015 | People with OUD | 40.5 | Lifetime |
| Bazazi et al., 2011 | PWUD | 41.0 | Past month |
| Guo et al., 2013 | PWUD | 41.9 | Current |
| Tsui et al., 2018 | PWUD | 45.0 | Lifetime |
| Monico et al., 2015 | People with OUD | 45.3 | Past month |
| Lofwall & Havens, 2012 | PWUD | 46.5 | Past 6 months |
| Surratt et al., 2018 | People with OUD | 47.0 | Past month |
| Buttram and Surratt, 2020 | PWUD | 48.9 | Past 3 months |
| Schuman-Oliver, et. al., 2010 | People with OUD | 49.0 | Past 3 months |
| Smith et al., 2019 | PWUD | 52.1 | Past 12 months |
| Kenney et al., 2017 | People with OUD | 53.5 | Lifetime |
| Fox et al., 2014a | PWUD | 55.9 | Lifetime |
| Lofwall & Havens, 2012 | PWUD | 70.1 | Lifetime |
| Carroll et al., 2018 | PWUD | 73.0 | Lifetime |
| Bazazi et al., 2011 | PWUD | 76.0 | Lifetime |
| Kenney et al., 2018 | People with OUD | 78.1 | Past month |
| Walker et al., 2018 | PWUD | 92.9 | Lifetime |
| Walker et al., 2018 | PWUD | 95.8 | Past 6 months |
| Monte et al., 2009 | People with OUD | 100.0 | Lifetime |
| Tofighi et al., 2019 | People with OUD | 100.0 | Lifetime |