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. 2024 Mar 14;14(2):443–460. doi: 10.3390/clinpract14020034

Table 2.

Comparison of blood micronutrient levels among female participants separated into three age categories.

Reference Range for Female Adults * Females (n = 62) Statistics and
p-Values
Total 18–34 Year 35–49 Year 50–64 Year
Potassium (mg/L) 1484–1794 1687 ± 234 1724 ± 134 1616 ± 366 1718 ± 119 F(2, 59) = 1.15, p = 0.323
Calcium (mg/L) 53.8–62.7 56.3 ± 4.1 55.8 ± 4.7 56.7 ± 3.2 56.4 ± 4.3 F(2, 59) = 1.22, p = 0.301
Magnesium (mg/L) 29.8–37.5 32.8 ± 3.0 31.9 ± 3.1 32.1 ± 3.5 34.2 ± 1.9 F(2, 59) = 5.24, p = 0.008
Copper (mg/L) 0.76–1.12 0.93 ± 0.20 1.01 ± 0.29 0.88 ± 0.12 0.92 ± 0.12 F(2, 59) = 0.88, p = 0.419
Iron (mg/L) 423–520 482 ± 43 477 ± 48 479 ± 49 489 ± 34 F(2, 59) = 0.75, p = 0.476
Zinc (mg/L) 4.88–6.67 5.80 ± 0.69 5.98 ± 0.63 5.47 ± 0.83 5.93 ± 0.51 F(2, 59) = 1.99, p = 0.146
Selenium (µg/L) 101–170 138 ± 42 130 ± 29 135 ± 36 149 ± 54 F(2, 59) = 2.06, p = 0.137
Manganese (µg/L) 5.91–12.7 10.33 ± 3.70 10.32 ± 4.20 11.17 ± 3.67 9.57 ± 3.20 F(2, 59) = 1.38, p = 0.259
Molybdenum (µg/L) 0.5–1.6 1.12 ± 0.83 0.85 ± 0.37 1.27 ± 0.83 1.22 ± 1.06 F(2, 59) = 1.67, p = 0.197
Vitamin B6 (µg/L) 16.4–80.4 38.2 ± 30.8 33.3 ± 13.3 29.6 ± 8.7 50.6 ± 47.6 F(2, 59) = 1.73, p = 0.187
Vitamin B9 (ng/mL) >5.38 8.88 ± 5.70 7.37 ± 4.61 8.04 ± 5.28 10.91 ± 6.50 F(2, 57) = 1.67, p = 0.197
Vitamin B12 (pg/mL) 211–911 579 ± 877 451 ± 143 831 ± 1554 478 ± 158 F(2, 58) = 0.24, p = 0.785
Vitamin D (nmol/L) 100–150 89.9 ± 37.2 84.1 ± 24.4 96.7 ± 42.2 89.1 ± 42.3 F(2, 59) = 0.32, p = 0.728

* Values are based on reference norms for German-speaking populations [32]. Data are presented as mean (±standard deviation). Statistical test: Kruskal–Wallis (F-values).