Table 1.

Participant Characteristics by Breastfeeding Status

Characteristic*	Initiated Breastfeeding (n=362)	Never Breastfed (n=217)	P
Maternal age (y)	2965.1	2965.2	.73
BMI (kg/m2)	24.9 (21.4–29.4)	24.8 (22.1–29.8)	.44
Non-Hispanic White	284 (78.5)	166 (76.5)	.58
Married or living with partner	166 (45.9)	84 (38.7)	.09
Private insurance	56 (15.5)	14 (6.5)	.001
Less than high school education	191 (52.8)	142 (65.7)	.002
Employed	145 (40.1)	59 (27.2)	.002
Annual income less than $10,000	146 (46.1)	92 (49.5)	.46
Geographic region			.02
Midwest	113 (31.2)	85 (39.2)
Northeast	90 (24.9)	57 (26.3)
Puerto Rico	3 (0.8)	2 (0.9)
Southeast	84 (23.2)	43 (19.8)
Southwest	23 (6.4)	18 (8.3)
West	49 (13.5)	12 (5.5)
Chronic hypertension	14 (3.9)	13 (6.0)	.24
Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy	46 (12.7)	37 (17.1)	.15
Pregestational diabetes	5 (1.4)	7 (3.2)	.14
Gestational diabetes	19 (5.2)	12 (5.5)	.88
Used during pregnancy
Tobacco	274 (75.7)	181 (83.4)	.03
Alcohol	51 (14.1)	24 (11.1)	.29
Illicit drugs	217 (59.9)	135 (62.2)	.59
Buprenorphine or methadone	160 (44.2)	91 (41.9)	.59
Hepatitis B or D	7 (1.9)	4 (1.8)	>.99
HCV viremia during pregnancy	252 (69.6)	172 (80.0)	.006
Gestational age at delivery (wk)	38.9 (37.6–39.6)	38.9 (37.1–39.4)	.22
Cesarean delivery	117 (32.3)	82 (37.8)	.18
Hemorrhage at time of delivery	22 (6.1)	16 (7.4)	.54
Preterm delivery before 37 wk	56 (15.5)	45 (20.7)	.11
NICU admission	157 (43.4)	108 (49.8)	.13

BMI, body mass index; HCV, hepatitis C virus; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit;

Data are mean±SD, median (interquartile range), or n (%) unless otherwise specified.

^*Missing data: BMI (five patients), education (one patient), income (76 patients), HCV viremia (two patients), hemorrhage (two patients).