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. 2024 Mar 25;43:90. doi: 10.1186/s13046-024-03016-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Effects of ropivacaine on CSC-like phenotypes of breast cancer cells in vitro. A CD44⁺/CD24.⁻ subpopulation in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 treated with ropivacaine (10 μM) or negative control for 48 h was measured by FACS analysis. B Mammosphere formation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 treated with ropivacaine (10 μM) or negative control for 48 h (scale bar = 100 μm). C-D Migration and invasion of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 treated with ropivacaine (10 μM) or negative control for 48 h were examined by transwell assays (scale bar = 100 μm). E Stem cell markers (CD133, OCT4, SOX2) in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 treated with ropivacaine (10 μM) or negative control for 48 h were analyzed by western blot. F Cell viability of ropivacaine (10 μM)- or negative control-treated MCF-7/ADR cells exposed to the indicated concentration of ADR. G Cell apoptosis of ropivacaine (10 μM)- or negative control-treated MCF-7/ADR cells exposed to ADR (10 μM) were assessed by FACS analysis. Results are shown are shown as mean ± S.D from at least three independent experiments. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 (Two-way ANOVA test in F, others unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test)