Table 2.
Participant Social Characteristics for study Parts 1 and 2 (n=55)
| LEP Hmong (n=27*) | Bilingual Hmong (n=15*) | Interpreter (n=13) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Count | Percent | Count | Percent | Count | Percent | |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 9 | 33.3 | 5 | 33.3 | 2 | 15.4 |
| Female | 17 | 63 | 9 | 60 | 11 | 84.6 |
| Age | ||||||
| Mean | 62.2 | - | 39.5 | - | 38.6 | - |
| Standard Deviation (SD) | 7.7 | - | 18.6 | - | 8.1 | - |
| Length of Stay in the US | ||||||
| Mean | 35.2 | - | 24.2 | - | 34.3 | - |
| SD | 6.0 | - | 9.8 | - | 6.4 | |
| Location of Birth | ||||||
| United States | - | - | - | - | 4 | 30.8 |
| Laos | - | - | - | - | 5 | 38.5 |
| Thailand | - | - | - | - | 4 | 30.8 |
| List of Pain | ||||||
| None | 5 | 18.5 | 6 | 40 | - | - |
| Upper Extremities: Shoulder, Hand, Arm | 5 | 18.5 | 2 | 13.3 | - | - |
| Lower Extremities: Feet, Legs, Knees | 11 | 40.7 | 2 | 13.3 | - | - |
| Headaches | 2 | 7.4 | 1 | 6.7 | - | - |
| Neck | 1 | 3.7 | - | - | ||
| Back | 10 | 37 | 4 | 26.7 | - | - |
| Fatigue | 1 | 3.7 | - | - | - | - |
| Pain associated with Diabetes | 1 | 3.7 | - | - | - | - |
| Toothaches | 1 | 3.7 | - | - | - | - |
| Stomach Pain | 1 | 3.7 | - | - | - | - |
| Taking Medications for Pain | ||||||
| Yes | 9 | 33.3 | 1 | 6.7 | - | - |
| No | 17 | 63 | 12 | 80 | - | - |
| Health Insurance | ||||||
| Employer | 3 | 11.1 | 6 | 40 | - | - |
| Medicaid | 20 | 74.1 | 6 | 40 | - | - |
| Medicare | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| Medicare/Medicaid | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6.7 | - | - |
| None | 3 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| Education | ||||||
| No Education | 25 | 93 | 3 | 20 | ||
| High school | 1 | 3.7 | 1 | 6.7 | 1 | 7.7 |
| Some College | - | - | 2 | 13.3 | 2 | 15.4 |
| Associates | - | - | 4 | 30.8 | ||
| Bachelors | - | - | 3 | 20 | 5 | 38.5 |
| Masters | - | - | 3 | 20 | 1 | 7.7 |
| Professional | - | - | 1 | 6.7 | ||
| Type of Interpreter a | ||||||
| Staff Interpreter | - | - | - | - | 7 | 53.8 |
| Certified Interpreter | - | - | - | - | 1 | 7.7 |
| Contract Interpreter | - | - | - | - | 4 | 30.8 |
| Family Interpreter | - | - | - | - | 9 | 69.2 |
| Years of Interpreting | ||||||
| Mean | 15 | |||||
| SD | - | - | - | - | 8.4 | |
| Literacy Level | ||||||
| Write in Hmong | ||||||
| Very well | 3 | 11.1 | 3 | 20 | 2 | 14.3 |
| Pretty well | 9 | 33.3 | 3 | 20 | 1 | 7.1 |
| Not too well | 5 | 18.5 | 7 | 46.7 | 7 | 50.0 |
| Not at all | 9 | 33.3 | 1 | 6.7 | 3 | 21.4 |
| Read in Hmong | ||||||
| Very well | 3 | 11.1 | 4 | 26.7 | 2 | 14.3 |
| Pretty well | 12 | 44.4 | 4 | 26.7 | 5 | 35.7 |
| Not too well | 5 | 18.5 | 6 | 40 | 4 | 28.6 |
| Not at all | 6 | 22.2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 14.3 |
| Write in English | ||||||
| Very well | 0 | 0 | 7 | 46.7 | 8 | 57.1 |
| Pretty well | 0 | 0 | 5 | 33.3 | 5 | 35.7 |
| Not too well | 13 | 48.1 | 2 | 13.3 | - | - |
| Not at all | 13 | 48.1 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| Read in English | ||||||
| Very well | 0 | 0 | 8 | 53.3 | 10 | 71.4 |
| Pretty well | 0 | 0 | 5 | 33.3 | 3 | 21.4 |
| Not too well | 18 | 66.7 | 1 | 6.7 | - | - |
| Not at all | 8 | 29.6 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
Note:
*
missing data from 1 participant.
a
The total number in this category may be more than 14 because interpreters can indicate to have more than one position such as they can be a professional and family interpreter.