Table 5.

ECMO Rates of Select Complications (Per 1,000 ECMO Hours) by Support Type, Pediatric, 2017–2022

Complication	Respiratory	Cardiac	ECPR
Cannula problems	0.534	0.424	0.748
Air in circuit	0.152	0.171	0.202
Circuit change	0.636	0.621	0.554
Clots and air emboli	0.025	0.025	0.016
Thrombosis in circuit component	0.545	0.816	0.775
Renal Replacement Therapy	0.875	1.515	2.074
Cannula site bleeding	0.343	1.006	1.097
Surgical site bleeding	0.227	0.850	0.631
GI hemorrhage	0.123	0.137	0.264
Tamponade (blood)	0.064	0.175	0.136
CNS hemorrhage by US/CT/MRI	0.179	0.331	0.695
CNS infarction by US/CT/MRI	0.097	0.256	0.636
Seizures (clinical or on EEG)	0.134	0.311	1.283
Brain death	0.054	0.094	0.492
Hemolysis (all types)	1.039	0.983	1.017
Limb Ischemia	0.021	0.102	0.130
Compartment Syndrome	0.009	0.031	0.064
Fasciotomy	0.021	0.066	0.104
Amputation	0.010	0.023	0.013

CNS, central nervous system; CT, computed tomography; dL, deciliter; ECPR, extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation; EEG, electroencephalogram; GI, gastrointestinal; mg, milligram; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; US, ultrasound; WBC, white blood cell.