. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Mar 25.

Published in final edited form as: Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2022 Apr 27;76(1):196–219. doi: 10.1177/17470218221090483

Table 4.

Correlation coefficients of individual difference measures with word recognition measures from the VWP tasks.

Modality	Parameter	R² of age	Oral language		Reading		Non-verbal intelligence
			RΔ²	P	RΔ²	P	RΔ²	P

Spoken	Target Max	.00014	.0020	.69	.0017	.71	.021	.18
	Target Timing	.32	.065	.0043	.011	.24	.0011	.72
	Cohort CE	.074	.0079	.40	.024	.14	.0013	.29
	Frame CE	2.1e-7	.0016	.72	.011	.35	.0021	.68
	Rhyme CE	.00037	.013	.31	.0081	.42	.0052	.52
Written	Target Max	3.4e-6	2.7e-5	.96	.0018	.72	.017	.27
	Target Timing	.24	.024	.13	.022	.15	.0054	.48
	Cohort CE	.00052	.013	.34	.0066	.49	2.9e-5	.96
	Frame CE	.0021	.028	.15	.023	.19	.014	.31
	Rhyme CE	.0074	.044	.072	.0064	.50	.0062	.50

CE signifies competitor effect. Significant effects are in bold.