Table 2.
Methods for Quantification of Osteoporosis Clinical Outcomes
| Author [country] | VF evaluation criteria | VF analysis method | Vertebral body reshaping following VF | Non-VF evaluation criteria | Non-VF analysis method | DXA assessment method | DXA analysis method |
| Gordon et al. [CAN]11 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hawker et al. [CAN]12 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Single Lunar DPX-L DXA | Areal LS and TB BMD Z scores |
| Houston et al. [USA]13 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Single Hologic QDR Delphi-4500A DXA | Areal LS and TH BMD Z scores |
| Joseph et al. [UK]4 | NR | NR | NA | NR | NR | NA | NA |
| Misof et al. [CAN]16 | Genant semiquantitative method | NA | NA | NA | NA | NR | Areal and volumetric LS BMD Z scores |
| Moretti et al. [IT]17 | NR | NR | NA | NR | NR | GE Lunar i-DXA | Areal LS BMD Z score |
| Nasomyont et al. [USA]18 | Genant semiquantitative method | Six-point vertebral morphometry on radiographs to document change in VF prevalence and severity | Decrease in Genant grade | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Ronsley et al. [CAN]20 | NR | Fracture yes/no from clinical reports | NA | NR | NR | Hologic Discovery A | Areal LS, LH, and TB BMD Z scores |
| Sbrocchi et al. [CAN]21 | Genant semiquantitative method | Triple read by 3 paediatric radiologists (2 independent reads, followed by third party discrepancy resolution) | Change in vertebral height ratio which exceeds the least significant change on 6-point vertebral morphometry | NR | NR | Lunar Prodigy (General Electric; Madison, WI, USA) | Areal and volumetric LS BMD Z scores |
| Srinivasan et al. [UK]22 | NR | Plain radiographs | NA | NR | Plain radiographs | HOLOGIC equipment (Delphi W and Discovery A) | Areal LS BMD Z score and TB (excl. head) BMC |
| Tian et al. [USA]23 | NR | Determined by radiologist and verified by inspection of radiographs by the treating and study physician | Increase in vertebral height and improvement of preexisting VF on radiographs (no detailed morphometry analyses performed) | NA | NA | Hologic Discovery A | Areal LS, TB, and LDF BMD Z scores |
| Ward et al. [multinationala]24 | Genant semiquantitative method | Triple read by 3 pediatric radiologists (2 independent reads, followed by third-party discrepancy resolution) | NR | Any low-trauma fracture (excluding those of the face, skull, and digits of the hands and feet) that was diagnosed following presentation to medical attention with signs or symptoms of a fracture | Central reading at BioClinica, Inc | Lunar (Prodigy, GE Lunar Corp, DPX-NT, iDXA software) or Hologic machines (fan beam scanners) | Areal LS BMD Z score, height-adjusted areal LS BMD Z score, areal LDF BMD, and LS and TB BMC |
| Zacharin et al. [AUS/NZ]25 | Genant semiquantitative method | Single-read lateral thoracolumbar spine radiographs by blinded radiologist; spinal deformity index calculated (sum of Genant grades from T4 to L4) | NR | NR | NR | Hologic QDR 4500 initially then Horizon (RCH) or GE-Lunar Prodigy (CHW, PMH and The Liggins Institute) | Areal LS BMD Z score, areal heigh-adjusted LS BMD Z score, and LS and TB BMC |
| Zheng et al. [CN]26 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | GE-Lunar Prodigy Advance (Madison, WI) | Areal FN, LS, and TH BMD Z scores |
Abbreviations: AUS = Australia; BMC = Bone mineral content; BMD = Bone mineral density; CAN = Canada; CN = China; DMD = Duchenne muscular dystrophy; FN = Femoral neck; IT = Italy; LDF = Lateral distal femur; LH = Left hip; LS = Lumbar spine; NA = Not applicable; NR = Not reported; NZ = New Zealand; TB = Total body; TH = Total hip; UK = United Kingdom; USA = United States of America; VF = Vertebral fracture.
a
Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Russia, and Hungary.