Table 2.
The results of subgroup analysis.
| Biomarkers | Subgroup | Number of studies | Number of participants in experiment/control |
SMD (95% CI) |
p between subgroups | Heterogeneity | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I 2 (%) | p | |||||||
| HbA1c | Region | Oceania | 2 [21, 25] | 81/74 | -0.19 (-0.50, 0.12) | 0.19 | 0 | 0.43 |
| Asia | 4 [22-24, 27] | 157/162 | -0.59 (-1.12, -0.07) | 79.82 | ﹤0.001 | |||
| Intervention time∗ | <3 m | 2 [22, 23] | 68/70 | -0.88 (-1.79, 0.03) | 0.17 | 82.87 | 0.02 | |
| ≥3 m | 4 [21, 24, 25, 27] | 170/166 | -0.23 (-0.44, -0.02) | 0 | 0.61 | |||
| Sample size | <30 | 3 [23, 25, 27] | 62/59 | -0.34 (-0.69, 0.02) | 0.58 | 0 | 0.45 | |
| ≥30 | 3 [21, 22, 24] | 176/177 | -0.56 (-1.28, 0.15) | 91.01 | ﹤0.001 | |||
|
| ||||||||
| FBG | Region | Oceania | 2 [21, 25] | 85/79 | 0.05 (-0.25, 0.36) | 0.21 | 0 | 0.42 |
| Asia | 4 [22-24, 27] | 157/162 | -0.20 (-0.45, 0.06) | 21.35 | 0.35 | |||
| Intervention time | <3 m | 2 [22, 23] | 68/70 | -0.34 (-0.67, -0.01) | 0.10 | 0 | 0.77 | |
| ≥3 m | 4 [21, 24, 25, 27] | 174/171 | -0.01 (-0.22, 0.20) | 0 | 0.45 | |||
| Sample size | <30 | 3 [23, 25, 27] | 62/59 | -0.22 (-0.60, 0.16) | 0.48 | 12.05 | 0.26 | |
| ≥30 | 3 [21, 22, 24] | 180/182 | -0.06 (-0.26, 0.15) | 0 | 0.35 | |||
|
| ||||||||
| HOMA-IR | Region | Oceania | 1 [21] | 70/68 | -0.13 (-0.46, 0.21) | 0.31 | — | — |
| Asia | 4 [22-24, 27] | 157/162 | -0.33 (-0.55, -0.11) | 0 | 0.97 | |||
| Intervention time | <3 m | 2 [22, 23] | 68/70 | -0.40 (-0.73, -0.06) | 0.38 | 0 | 0.99 | |
| ≥3 m | 3 [21, 24, 27] | 159/160 | -0.22 (-0.43, 0.00) | 0 | 0.78 | |||
| Sample size | <30 | 2 [23, 27] | 47/48 | -0.31 (-0.71, 0.09) | 0.81 | 0 | 0.71 | |
| ≥30 | 3 [21, 22, 24] | 180/182 | -0.26 (-0.46, -0.05) | 0 | 0.58 | |||
|
| ||||||||
| Insulin | Region | Oceania | 2 [21, 25] | 85/79 | -0.03 (-0.35, 0.30) | 0.63 | 6.18 | 0.30 |
| Asia | 4 [22-24, 27] | 157/162 | -0.13 (-0.42, 0.15) | 36.26 | 0.22 | |||
| Intervention time | <3 m | 2 [22, 23] | 68/70 | -0.02 (-0.58, 0.54) | 0.66 | 58.71 | 0.12 | |
| ≥3 m | 4 [21, 24, 25, 27] | 174/171 | -0.15 (-0.36, 0.06) | 0 | 0.52 | |||
| Sample size | <30 | 3 [23, 25, 27] | 62/59 | -0.14 (-0.49, 0.21) | 0.77 | 0 | 0.33 | |
| ≥30 | 3 [21, 22, 24] | 180/182 | -0.07 (-0.35, 0.21) | 44.39 | 0.16 | |||
|
| ||||||||
| TC | Region | Oceania | 2 [21, 25] | 84/79 | 0.04 (-0.27, 0.34) | 0.28 | 0 | 0.58 |
| Asia | 2 [22, 26] | 76/77 | -1.66 (-4.74, 1.43) | 98.34 | ﹤0.001 | |||
| Intervention time | <3 m | 2 [22, 26] | 76/77 | -1.66 (-4.74, 1.43) | 0.28 | 98.34 | ﹤0.001 | |
| ≥3 m | 2 [21, 25] | 84/79 | 0.04 (-0.27, 0.34) | 0 | 0.58 | |||
| Sample size | <30 | 2 [25, 26] | 43/38 | 0.02 (-0.41, 0.45) | 0.32 | 0 | 0.50 | |
| ≥30 | 2 [21, 22] | 117/118 | -1.61 (-4.78, 1.56) | 98.83 | ﹤0.001 | |||
|
| ||||||||
| TG | Region | Oceania | 2 [21, 25] | 84/79 | 0.10 (-0.21, 0.40) | 0.42 | 0 | 0.41 |
| Asia | 2 [22, 26] | 76/77 | -0.94 (-3.42, 1.54) | 97.87 | ﹤0.001 | |||
| Intervention time | <3 m | 2 [22, 26] | 76/77 | -0.94 (-3.42, 1.54) | 0.42 | 97.87 | ﹤0.001 | |
| ≥3 m | 2 [21, 25] | 84/79 | 0.10 (-0.21, 0.40) | 0 | 0.41 | |||
| Sample size | <30 | 2 [25, 26] | 43/38 | 0.14 (-0.35, 0.63) | 0.34 | 19.12 | 0.27 | |
| ≥30 | 2 [21, 22] | 117/118 | -1.02 (-3.33, 1.29) | 98.31 | ﹤0.001 | |||
|
| ||||||||
| HDL | Region | Oceania | 2 [21, 25] | 84/79 | 0.34 (0.03, 0.64) | 0.00 | 0 | 0.93 |
| Asia | 2 [22, 26] | 76/77 | 1.31 (0.96, 1.65) | 0 | 0.34 | |||
| Intervention time | <3 m | 2 [22, 26] | 76/77 | 1.31 (0.96, 1.65) | 0.00 | 0 | 0.34 | |
| ≥3 m | 22 [21, 25] | 84/79 | 0.34 (0.03, 0.64) | 0 | 0.93 | |||
| Sample size | <30 | 2 [25, 26] | 43/38 | 0.78 (0.07, 1.48) | 0.88 | 55.88 | 0.13 | |
| ≥30 | 2 [21, 22] | 117/118 | 0.88 (-0.21, 1.96) | 93.48 | ﹤0.001 | |||
|
| ||||||||
| LDL | Region | Oceania | 2 [21, 25] | 84/78 | 0.03 (-0.28, 0.33) | 0.14 | 0 | 0.69 |
| Asia | 2 [22, 26] | 76/77 | -1.98 (-4.60, 0.64) | 97.61 | ﹤0.001 | |||
| Intervention time | <3 m | 2 [22, 26] | 76/77 | -1.98 (-4.60, 0.64) | 0.14 | 97.61 | ﹤0.001 | |
| ≥3 m | 2 [21, 25] | 84/78 | 0.03 (-0.28, 0.33) | 0 | 0.69 | |||
| Sample size | <30 | 2 [25, 26] | 43/38 | -0.29 (-1.08, 0.51) | 0.42 | 66.77 | 0.08 | |
| ≥30 | 2 [21, 22] | 117/117 | -1.65 (-4.91, 1.61) | 98.86 | ﹤0.001 | |||
|
| ||||||||
| BMI | Region | Oceania | 2 [21, 25] | 85/79 | 0.22 (-0.08, 0.53) | 0.80 | 0 | 1.00 |
| Asia | 3 [22, 24, 27] | 137/142 | 0.14 (-0.48, 0.75) | 84.56 | ﹤0.001 | |||
| Intervention time | <3 m | 1 [22] | 48/50 | 0.74 (0.34, 1.15) | 0.00 | — | — | |
| ≥3 m | 4 [21, 24, 25, 27] | 174/171 | 0.03 (-0.21, 0.27) | 17.57 | 0.33 | |||
| Sample size | <30 | 2 [25, 27] | 42/39 | -0.11 (-0.62, 0.39) | 0.24 | 22.95 | 0.25 | |
| ≥30 | 3 [21, 22, 24] | 180/182 | 0.29 (-0.16, 0.74) | 78.61 | 0.01 | |||
∗Intervention time: month (m).