Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2024 Mar 19;6(3):433–447. doi: 10.1038/s42255-024-00997-x

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 2 — a, Experimental design of isotope-labelled trigonelline incorporation into NAD⁺. b, NAD⁺ levels measured using LC–HRMS in the liver, gastrocnemius muscle and whole blood 2 h or 16 h (overnight) after labelled trigonelline gavage in young mice (one-way ANOVA, n = 4–5 mice per group). c, NAD⁺ levels measured using LC–HRMS in HSMM (left) and relative isotopic enrichment of NAD⁺ (right) after 24-h incubation with 1 mM labelled trigonelline (unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-test, n = 3 biological replicates per group). d, Representation of the Preiss–Handler and salvage pathways of NAD⁺ production. e, Relative NAD⁺ levels in HSMMs 48 h after adenoviral infection with a scrambled or NAPRT shRNA (unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-test, n = 6 biological replicates per group). f, Relative NAD⁺ levels in HSMMs after 24-h trigonelline or NR treatment, with or without 2-OHNA co-treatment (one-way ANOVA, n = 12 biological replicates per group). g–j, NAD⁺ metabolites measured using LC–HRMS in HSMMs (NAD⁺, g; NAAD, h; NAMN, i; NA, j) after 24-h incubation with trigonelline in co-treatment with FK866, 2-OHNA or their combination (one-way ANOVA, n = 3 biological replicates per group). k, Quantitative PCR (qPCR) mRNA expression of Naprt in the liver of wild-type (WT) and Naprt knockout (KO) mice (one-way ANOVA, n = 4–6 animals per group). l–n, LC–HRMS measurement of NA (l) and NAMN (m) levels in the blood and liver, and of NAAD (n) in liver 2 h after trigonelline gavage in WT or Naprt KO mice (one-way ANOVA, n = 4–6 animals per group). o, Relative NAD⁺ levels in HSMMs after 72 h trigonelline or NR treatment, with or without co-treatment with FK866, 2-OHNA or their combination (one-way ANOVA, n = 10 biological replicates per group). p, Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) measured using JC-1 staining in HSMMs treated as in o (one-way ANOVA, n = 16 biological replicates per group). q, Maximum oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in HSMMs treated as in o after stimulation with 3 μM carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (one-way ANOVA, n = 9–10 biological replicates per group). All data are expressed as the mean ± s.e.m with *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. NS, not significant. Individual P values are reported in Fig. 2 of the Source data. a.u., arbitrary units.

Source data