Table 1.
Summary of clinical parameters of the study participants before and after CS or RS intervention
| Clinical parameters | CS 0 W | CS 8 W | RS 0 W | RS 8 W | P valuea | P valueb | P valuec | P valued |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obesity-related indicators | ||||||||
| Body weight (kg) | 82.74 ± 15.67 | 83.23 ± 16.01 | 83.24 ± 15.70 | 80.91 ± 15.39 | 0.328 | 0.339 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg m−2) | 28.58 ± 3.79 | 28.74 ± 3.95 | 28.75 ± 3.79 | 27.93 ± 3.75 | 0.361 | 0.422 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| FM (kg) | 26.21 ± 8.37 | 26.71 ± 8.45 | 26.59 ± 8.34 | 24.83 ± 8.29 | 0.486 | 0.136 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| FFM (kg) | 56.54 ± 12.33 | 56.57 ± 12.46 | 56.66 ± 12.35 | 55.75 ± 11.99 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.011 | 0.029 |
| TBW (kg) | 39.55 ± 7.71 | 39.51 ± 7.82 | 39.61 ± 7.69 | 39.10 ± 7.68 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.101 | 0.155 |
| Fat percentage | 31.70 ± 7.72 | 31.80 ± 8.03 | 31.99 ± 7.64 | 31.06 ± 7.93 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.101 | 0.117 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 95.52 ± 10.91 | 95.59 ± 11.16 | 96.28 ± 11.00 | 92.60 ± 10.89 | 0.731 | 0.999 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 105.00 ± 8.05 | 105.49 ± 7.71 | 105.31 ± 8.08 | 104.16 ± 7.69 | 0.999 | 0.372 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.91 ± 0.06 | 0.91 ± 0.07 | 0.91 ± 0.06 | 0.89 ± 0.06 | 0.999 | 0.999 | <0.001 | 0.01 |
| VFA (cm²) | 104.75 ± 53.46 | 108.31 ± 49.71 | 108.58 ± 55.06 | 86.39 ± 45.41 | 0.999 | 0.999 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| SFA (cm²) | 283.63 ± 92.87 | 286.68 ± 96.69 | 289.64 ± 95.38 | 262.50 ± 89.91 | 0.999 | 0.999 | <0.001 | 0.004 |
| Anthropometric parameters | ||||||||
| Age (years) | 33.43 ± 7.71 | |||||||
| Sex (male:female) | 22:15 | |||||||
| SBP (mm Hg) | 112.65 ± 10.00 | 113.51 ± 8.70 | 112.41 ± 11.71 | 113.05 ± 11.19 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.918 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 76.14 ± 7.08 | 77.11 ± 6.88 | 75.08 ± 7.69 | 74.46 ± 7.54 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.342 |
| Liver enzymes and renal function | ||||||||
| ALT (U l−1) | 16.80 (12.30, 29.00) | 20.00 (10.28, 30.25) | 16.00 (12.00, 30.00) | 15.00 (12.00, 22.50) | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.432 | 0.041 |
| AST (U l−1) | 18.60 (17.20, 22.00) | 19.76 (16.03, 24.80) | 19.00 (17.00, 22.50) | 17.00 (14.50, 21.00) | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.058 | 0.022 |
| GGT (U l−1) | 24.80 (17.50, 35.00) | 25.20 (18.17, 34.26) | 25.00 (18.00, 36.00) | 21.00 (16.00, 35.50) | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.033 | 0.03 |
| BUN (mmol l−1) | 4.40 ± 0.97 | 4.54 ± 1.17 | 4.38 ± 0.99 | 4.23 ± 1.06 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.149 |
| Cr (μmol l−1) | 70.52 ± 12.94 | 70.26 ± 16.11 | 70.62 ± 13.02 | 69.95 ± 14.00 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.809 |
| Lipid profiles | ||||||||
| TC (mmol l−1) | 4.65 ± 0.67 | 4.56 ± 0.80 | 4.69 ± 0.67 | 4.40 ± 0.71 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.008 | 0.146 |
| TG (mmol l−1) | 1.09 (0.86, 1.68) | 1.23 (0.80, 1.52) | 1.04 (0.85, 1.64) | 1.01 (0.79, 1.38) | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.559 |
| HDL-C (mmol l−1) | 1.14 ± 0.24 | 1.14 ± 0.23 | 1.13 ± 0.25 | 1.10 ± 0.20 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.456 |
| LDL-C (mmol l−1) | 3.01 ± 0.58 | 2.95 ± 0.67 | 3.02 ± 0.60 | 2.89 ± 0.54 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.424 | 0.482 |
| Secretory cytokines | ||||||||
| A-FABP (ng ml−1) | 35.49 (30.71, 44.82) | 36.83 (23.35, 46.99) | 37.47 (29.33, 47.81) | 31.12 (23.74, 45.12) | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.072 | 0.12 |
| Adiponectin (μg ml−1) | 9.34 (7.49, 13.86) | 9.38 (7.01, 12.39) | 9.21 (7.04, 13.13) | 10.46 (7.38, 13.68) | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.376 | 0.038 |
| FGF21 (pg ml−1) | 167.61 (99.71, 211.00) | 172.07 (104.63, 237.70) | 188.46 (113.19, 224.07) | 151.74 (51.62, 216.98) | 0.999 | 0.999 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| Inflammation-related factors | ||||||||
| TNFα (pg ml−1) | 0.70 (0.60, 0.81) | 0.68 (0.55, 0.86) | 0.70 (0.55, 0.82) | 0.66 (0.45, 0.72) | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.053 | 0.014 |
| IL-1β (pg ml−1) | 0.18 (0.13, 0.24) | 0.17 (0.10, 0.27) | 0.16 (0.11, 0.26) | 0.11 (0.06, 0.17) | 0.999 | 0.999 | <0.001 | 0.046 |
| MCP-1 (pg ml−1) | 673.56 (535.55, 865.83) | 630.62 (516.20, 768.22) | 626.85 (513.23, 816.09) | 631.97 (498.41, 822.20) | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.925 |
| IL-10 (pg ml−1) | 1.72 (1.58, 2.07) | 1.62 (1.49, 1.79) | 1.66 (1.52, 1.95) | 1.58 (1.48, 1.91) | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.146 |
| IL-6 (pg ml−1) | 1.08 (0.65,1.85) | 1.12 (0.57,1.64) | 1.08 (0.77,1.58) | 1.05 (0.71,1.49) | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.689 |
FM, fat mass; FFM, free fat mass; TBW, total body water; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; GGT, γ-glutamyl transferase; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; A-FABP; adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein. Data are expressed as mean ± s.d. or median (interquartile range (IQR)).
aDifferences in baseline variables before the RS and CS interventions were assessed using a linear mixed model adjusted by intervention order followed by Bonferroni’s test.
bDifferences in outcomes before and after CS intervention were assessed using a linear mixed model adjusted by intervention order followed by Bonferroni’s test.
cDifferences in outcomes before and after RS intervention were assessed using a linear mixed model adjusted by intervention order followed by Bonferroni’s test.
dDifferences in outcomes between the RS and CS intervention were assessed using a linear mixed model adjusted by intervention order.