Table 2.

Prospective application of ncRNAs in the treatment of diabetic wounds.

Application in diabetic wound healing	Related ncRNA	Effect	Refs
NcRNA delivered by extracellular vesicle delivery platform	MALAT1, miRNA-1914-3p	MALAT1 in human keratinocyte-derived exosomes upregulates MFGE8 via miRNA-1914-3p, thereby promoting macrophage polarization to M2 phenotype and diabetic wound healing.	[163]
	circ-Snhg11	circ-Snhg11 in hypoxic ADSCS-derived exosomes induces polarization of M2 macrophages by targeting miR-144-3p and HIF-1α, alleviating diabetic wound inflammation.	[170]
	mmu_circ_0001052	mmu_circ_0001052 in exosomes produced from ADSCs promotes DFU angiogenesis by sponging miR-106a-5p via the FGF4/p38MAPK pathway.	[136]
As a diagnostic marker	miRNA-217	In comparison with healthy individuals, patients with DFU had considerably higher serum miRNA-217 levels, which also increased with Wagner grading.	[208]
	miRNA-203	When comparing the skin of DFU patients to normal skin tissue, the expression level of miRNA-203 was considerably greater, and it was strongly correlated with the severity of DFU.	[139]
	miRNA-191, miRNA-200b	Compared to individuals in general, those with type 2 diabetes had greater amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines and fewer amounts of miRNA-191 and miRNA-200b in their blood.	[148]
Clinical studies of ncRNA-based drugs	miRNA-23a	Ginsenoside promotes diabetic wound angiogenesis by down-regulating miRNA-23a expression and up-regulating inducible NOS levels	[209]
	lncRNA-neurotrophic factor 5	Mevastatin induces lncRNA-neurotrophic factor 5 expression, inhibits c-myc expression, and regulates KC proliferation and migration, thereby promoting wound healing	[210]

Abbreviations: miRNA: microRNA; ADSC: adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; HIF-1α: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; DFU: Diabetic foot ulcer; KC: Keratinocyte; ncRNA: noncoding RNA; NOS: nitric oxide synthase.