Table 5.

Regulatory effect test of technology (random-effect model).

Variable	Category	k	N	g	95% CI	Heterogeneity
						Q	df	p
Age stage	Primary school	1	15	0.786	0.231–0381**	7.935	2	0.019*
	Junior high school	3	1,779	0.151	0.060–0.242*
	Senior high school	6	2,256	0.539	0.131–0.946*
Mental health issues	Depression	6	2,238	0.290	0.058–0.522*	3.023	2	0.221
	Mental health issues caused by COVID-19	3	1,797	0.588	−0.059–1.235
	Bullying	1	15	0.290	0.244–1.418**
Technology type	Apps software	4	1,821	0.148	0.059–0.237*	5.791	2	0.055
	Telemedicine	5	2,212	0.690	0.253–1.127**
	Chatbot	1	17	0.005	−0.912–0.921
Intervention duration	Short-term intervention	4	159	0.681	0.138–1.224*	2.280	2	0.131
	Long-term intervention	6	3,891	0.242	0.071–0.414**