TABLE 1.

Tools for visualization of the neuronal activity live.

Name	Targeted mechanism	Fluorophore	Excitation/emission wavelengths	Utility	References
GCaMP5G/6/7/8	Ca2+ influx	cpGFP**	488/507	Visualizing neuronal activity dynamics	Ahrens et al., 2013 Kedra et al., 2020 Shemesh et al., 2020 Zhang et al., 2023
jRCaMP1a/1b	Ca2+ influx	mRuby	558/605	Visualizing neuronal activity dynamics; can be used together with GFP-based sensor for labeling distinct cell populations	Dana et al., 2016
jRGECO1a	Ca2+ influx	mApple	568/592
CaMPARI2	Ca2+ influx	EosFP*	Green: 502/516 Red: 562/577	Marking of active neuronal populations by irreversible photoconversion	Moeyaert et al., 2018
Ratiometric cameleons	Ca2+ influx	Two fluorophores that allow FRET to occur between them		Visualizing neuronal activity dynamics compare to the basal levels of Ca2+	Fan et al., 2007 Tao et al., 2011
Voltron/Voltron2	Membrane potential	Janelia Fluor525/549/552/585	JF525: 525/549 JF549: 549/571 JF552: 552/575 JF585: 585/609	Detection of action potentials and subthreshold voltage signals	Abdelfattah et al., 2019 Abdelfattah et al., 2023
ASAP1	Membrane potential	cpGFP	488/507		St-Pierre et al., 2014 Silic et al., 2022
zArchon1	Membrane potential	GFP	488/507		Piatkevich et al., 2018 Böhm et al., 2022
GRABDA	Dopamine release and uptake	cpGFP	488/507	Visualizing dopaminergic signaling	Sun et al., 2018
GRABNE	Norepinephrine release and uptake	cpGFP	488/507	Visualizing norepinephrinergic signaling	Feng et al., 2019
GRAB5–HT1.0	Serotonin release and uptake	cpGFP	488/507	Visualizing serotonergic signaling	Wan et al., 2021
iGluSnFR	Glutamate release and uptake	cpGFP	488/507	Visualizing glutamatergic signaling	Marvin et al., 2013

*FP, fluorescent protein;

**cpGFP, circularly permuted GFP.